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Biology > Chapter 4 - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

There are 2 ways in which a creature can break down food. What are they?

A

Autotrophs manufacture their own food, whilst heterotrophs scavenge and consume.

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1
Q

How do cells obtain energy for their metabolic reactions?

A

By breaking down food.

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2
Q

What is the basic overview of cellular respiration?

A

The oxidation of the glucose to carbon dioxide and water, with the release of energy.

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3
Q

How is this energy usually stored?

A

Using ATP molecules.

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4
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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5
Q

What is the process of obtaining energy in order to produce ATP molecules called?

A

Cellular respiration

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6
Q

There are 2 types of cellular respiration. Name them.

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

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7
Q

What occurs during Aerobic respiration?

A

A reaction occurs with the participation of an Oxygen molecule.

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8
Q

What occurs during Anaerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is not present, but other inorganic molecules are found.

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9
Q

Give an example of anaerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation.

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10
Q

Mention 3 biological processes that require ATP to function.

A

Muscle contraction, active transport and biosynthesis.

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11
Q

What is used in order to break down ATP, so that energy will be released?

A

ATPase enzyme.

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12
Q

What is a metabolism?

A

It refers to all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell.

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13
Q

What are metabolic pathways called?

A

Metabolites

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14
Q

What are reactions that release energy called? (Usually breakdown reactions)

A

Catabolic reactions

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15
Q

Give an example of a catabolic reaction.

A

Respiration

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16
Q

What are reactions that use up energy called? (Usually synthetic reactions)

A

Anabolic reactions

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17
Q

Give an example of an anabolic reaction.

A

Photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is basic metabolic rate? (BMR)

A

It’s the rate at which energy is used by an organism at complete rest.

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19
Q

How is the BMR measured in humans?

A

By the heat given off per unit of time. Expressed as the calories released per kilogram of body weight per hour.

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20
Q

Mention 5 factors that affect metabolic rate.

A

1) Genetics - Some people are simply born with faster metabolisms than others.
2) Gender - Men have greater muscle mass and lower body fat percentages. Meaning they have a higher basal metabolic rate.
3) Age - BMR reduces with age.
4) Diet - Starvation or serious abrupt calories-reduction can dramatically reduce BMR by 30%
5) Body Surface Area - reflection on height and weight. Tall, thin people have higher BMRs.

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21
Q

Why is it important to have both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis and respiration are the reverse of each others you couldn’t have one without the other.

The net result of all the the photosynthesis and respiration by living organisms is the conversion of light energy to heat energy.

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22
Q

Where does most of respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria.

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23
Q

What is found in the mitochondria that is unusual?

A

It has a double membrane; the outer membrane and the inner membrane.

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24
Q

What can we find on the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Protein channels called porins, which let most small molecule ps through.

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25
Q

Does the inner membrane contain protein channels as well?

A

No, in fact it is impermeable to most materials. However, it is highly folded into segments called christea giving it a larger surface area.

26
Q

What are the blobs found on the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?

A

Stalked particles, which synthesizes ATP.

27
Q

What is the void inside the mitochondria called?

A

The matrix.

28
Q

What takes place in the Matrix?

A

The Krebs Cycle.

29
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration usually simplified to?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)

30
Q

How many ATP molecules should you have after cellular respiration occurs?

A

38 ATP

31
Q

What is the 1st Stage of cellular respiration called?

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

Under what conditions does glycolysis occur?

A

In anaerobic respiration. Requiring no oxygen.

33
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in an anaerobic reaction?

A

Only 2 ATP.

34
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose make a pyruvate.

35
Q

What happens if the pyruvate if oxygen is present?

A

It continues to the 2nd stage of respiration which is the The Krebs Cycle, and eventually even the 3rd stage which is the Respiratory Chain.

36
Q

What happens if the pyruvate is created, and no oxygen is present?

A

It is converted to lactate (lactic acid). Which is called Fermentation.

37
Q

The oxidation of pyruvate creates what exactly?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water.

38
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

39
Q

How many molecules of ATP are created per molecules of glucose in an aerobic reaction?

A

34 ATP

40
Q

What can be used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP, but not in anaerobic respiration?

A

Fats, mainly triglycerides.

41
Q

In detail, what is the end product of Glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate molecules along with the formation of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

42
Q

How many molecules of ATP are consumed during Glycolysis? And how many are many during Glycolysis?

A

2 ATPs are needed for glycolysis, but a total of 4 are made during it. Leaving us with a positive balance of 2 ATP.

43
Q

What happens to the 6-carbon structure during glycolysis?

A

It is broken down and 2 organic chains of 3-carbon each are made. These chains each give birth to a pyruvate.

44
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytosol.

45
Q

How many molecules of ATP does FADH2 produce?

A

2 ATP

46
Q

How many molecules of ATP does NADH produce?

A

3 ATP

47
Q

In total how many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are needed for cellular respiration?

A

10 NADH and 2 FADH2

48
Q

Assuming oxygen is present, what is the 2nd stage of cellular respiration called?

A

The Krebs Cycle

49
Q

What product enters the Link Reaction from Glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

50
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

51
Q

Between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle there is a link, what is it called? What is the pyruvate converted into?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A
(With the liberation of one carbon dioxide)

This is called the Link Reaction.

52
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle also called?

A

Citric Acid Cycle.

53
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

A

The 2-carbon Acetyl coenzyme A, is combined with the 4-carbon Oxaloacetate to form 6-carbon Citrate.
Citrate is gradually broken down to reform Oxaloacetate.

54
Q

What are 2 byproducts produced during the Krebs Cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

55
Q

What happens to both of the byproducts?

A

CO2 diffuses out of the cell, whilst hydrogen is take up by a hydrogen carrier; either NAD or FAD.

These hydrogens are carried to the inner mitochondrial membrane for the finale stage of respiration.

56
Q

What are all the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

2 Carbon Dioxide molecules, 8 Hydrogen ions, 1 ATP molecule.

57
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Cellular Respiration called?

A

The Respiratory Chain

58
Q

What’s another name for the respiratory chain?

A

Electron transfer system.

59
Q

Although glucose is completely oxidized by the 2nd stage, how can we get more ATP from the 3rd stage of cellular respiration?

A

Most of the energy is in the form of hydrogen atoms, that are attached to hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD.

60
Q

What happens during Electron Transfer System?

A

Hydrogen atoms are passed along a series of carries at progressively lower energy levels. As they lose their energy, it is harnessed to produce ATP molecules.

61
Q

Where does electron transfer system take place?

A

Within the inner mitochondria membrane.

62
Q

Give a short summary of electron transfer system.

A

The hydrogen atoms from NADH gradually release all their energy to form ATP and are finally combined with oxygen to form water.

63
Q

What is the process whereby oxygen effectively allows the production of ATP from ADP called?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Biology (10 decks)

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