Chapter 4 - Cells Flashcards
Cytoplasm
Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane.
Cell Theory
Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life; all cells come from division of pre-existing cells and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring
Nucleus
Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA
Organelle
Structure that carries a specialized metabolic function inside a cell
Plasma membrane
A cell’s outermost membrane - semi-permeable
Surface-to-volume-ratio
A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square
Ribosome
Organelle of protein synthesis
Plasmid
Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archea
Pilus
Protein filament that protects from the surface of some bacteria and archea
Nucleoid
Region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or achaeon
Flagellum
Long, slender cellular structure used for motility
Cell wall
Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells
Biofilm
Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime.
Nucleus
Protects and controls access to DNA and has membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Routing, modifying mew polypeptide chains, synthesizing lipids and has membrane
Golgi body
Modifying new polypeptide chains and lipids, sorting and shipping proteins and lipids. Membrane
Vesicles
Small, membrane enclosed organelle that’s involved in Transporting, sorting, or digesting substances in a cell
Vesicles
Transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell.
Mitochondria
Make ATP to break down glucose
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis in plants, some protists
Lysosome
Enzyme filled vesicle that functions in Intracellular digestion
Peroxisome
Enzyme filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances
Vacuole
Fluid filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials.
Ribosome
Assembling polypeptide chains. NO MEMBRANE
Centriole
Anchor for cytoskeleton. NO MEMBRANE
Cytoskeleton
Contributes to cell shape, internal organization, movement. Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Rough ER
Modifies proteins made by ribosomes attached to it
Smooth ER
Makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and fats, inactivates toxins
Chromatin
Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins.
Chromosome
A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of the cell’s genetic information
Nuclear envelope
A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross.
Nucleolus
In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregular shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled
Nucleoplasm
Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope
Central vacuole
Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells
Endomembrane system
Series of interacting organelles(ER, golgi, vesicles)between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins.
Chloroplast
Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists
Mitochondrion
Organelle thar produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes
Plastid
Category of double-membranes organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in photosynthesis or storage - chloroplasts and amyloplast
