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human a&p exam 1 > chapter 4: cells > Flashcards

chapter 4: cells Flashcards

1
Q

common features of cells

A
  • maintain integrity and shape of a cell
  • obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks
  • dispose of wastes
  • SOME are capable of cell divison
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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from external environments

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3
Q

nucleus

A
  • largest structure in cell; enclosed by a nuclear envelope
  • contains genetic material DNA
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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

space contains all cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus

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5
Q

functions of the plasma membrane

A

1) physical barrier
2) selectively permeable boundary
3) communicator
4) electrochemical gradient (discussed with muscle and neurons)

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6
Q

passive process

A

movement of water or solutes from high to low concentration, energy is NOT used

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7
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement down the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
  • does not require energy to get molecules across the plasma membrane
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8
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport protein required

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9
Q

channel-mediated diffusion

A

ion moves through channel
- movement of small ions across the plasma membrane through a protein channel

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10
Q

carrier-mediated diffusion

A

small polar molecule moved by carrier protein
- movement of polar molecules by binding to a carrier protein in the plasma membrane
- carrier protein changes shape and releases the molecule to the other side of the membrane

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11
Q

osmosis

A
  • movement of water, not solutes
  • energy is NOT used
  • passive movement of water throughs electively permeable membrane
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12
Q

active processes

A

movement of solute up its concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
- requires energy (ATP)

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13
Q

active transport
- primary active transport

A

energy source from ATP
- sodium / potassium pump

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14
Q

secondary active transport

A

energy source from movement of another substance

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15
Q

secondary active transport
- symport

A

two substances moved in the same direction

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16
Q

antiport

A

two substances moved in opposite directions

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17
Q

vesicular transport
- aka bulk transport

A

involves energy input to transport large substances across the plasma membrane by a vesicle

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18
Q

vesicular transport
- exocytosis

A

large substances secreted from cell

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19
Q

vesicular transport
- endocytosis

A

cellular uptake of large substances from external enviornment

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20
Q

receptor

A

cell surface protein located in plasma membrane

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21
Q

ligand

A

molecule secreted from another cell that binds to receptor

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22
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

if ligand can bind the to the receptor, then the receptor relays information to inside of the cell OR ligand can cause an ion channel to open or allow ions to flow through cells

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23
Q

purpose of cell signaling

A

important for controlling growth, reproduction, and other cellular processes

24
Q

DNA

A

genetic code

25
Q

chromatin

A
  • DNA: A&T / C&G
  • in a resting cell, loosely packed
26
Q

histones

A

protein that DNA wraps around

27
Q

chromosomes

A

tightly packed DNA that’s formed during cell division

28
Q

how many copies of DNA make up a chromosome, and when will you see chromosomes?

A

2 heterozomes

29
Q

how many pairs and total chromosomes are in the human

A
  • 22 pairs of autosome
  • 46 chromosomes in human
  • xy in men
  • xx in women
30
Q

what enzyme reads DNA into RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

what enzyme replicates DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

32
Q

replication

A

duplicating DNA (during cell division)

33
Q

transcription

A

reading DNA to make RNA
- occurs in nucleus

34
Q

translation

A

reading RNA to make protein
- occurs in cytoplas

35
Q

what non-membrane bound organelle translates RNA into protein?

A

ribosome

36
Q

codon

A

a sequence of 3 RNA letters

37
Q

why is the AUG codon important?

A

it’s the start codon

38
Q

how do codons result in protein production?

A

ribosomes look for AUG on RNA to start translation

39
Q

rough ER

A
  • protein production by ribosomes, inserted into ER
  • original structure of protein changed
  • transported out in enclosed membrane sacs
    - transport vesicles shuttle proteins from rough ER lumen to golgi apparatus
40
Q

smooth ER

A
  • diverse metabolic processes vary by cell
  • functions
    - synthesis, transport, and storage of lipid
    - carbohydrate metabolism
    - detoxification of drugs and proteins
    - makes steroids
41
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • functions
    - modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins
  • formation of secretory vesicles
    - some vesicles become part of plasma membrane
    - other release contents outside cell
42
Q

lysosome

A

filled with enzymes to breakdown and digest dead organelles and proteins not being used

43
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • detoxifies the cells from harmful compounds
  • break down fatty acids in animal cells
    - makes a bunch of acetyl CoA
    - acidic envionrment
44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

proteins inside of the cell that:
- provide structural support
- cell division to separate cells
- used as a “highway” to move molecules from place to place inside of the cell

45
Q

centrosomes
- synthesis

A

organize microtubules (proteins of cytoskeleton) and supports their growth in nondividing cells

46
Q

centrosomes
- cell division

A

direction formation of mitotic spindle in dividing cells

47
Q

interphase

A

prepare for mitosis (cell division)

48
Q

interphase : G1

A

growth and preparation for synthesis

49
Q

interphase: S

A

synthesis for DNA (duplication our DNA to make two new cells)

50
Q

interphase: G2

A

checks for mistakes in DNA replication, prepares for division of DNA

51
Q

M phase (mitosis)

A

separation of DNA to make new cells

52
Q

mitosis
- prophase

A
  • chromosome forms
  • spindle fiber form
  • centrioles move to opposing poles
  • nuclear envelop break down
53
Q

mitosis
- metaphase

A
  • spindle fibers attach to centromeres
  • chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate (middle)
54
Q

mitosis
- anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids are separated by spindle fibers
  • move towards each centromere
  • cytokinesis (splitting into 2 cells) begins
55
Q

mitosis
- telophase

A
  • chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
  • nucleolus reforms
  • nuclear envelop forms around chromatin
  • cytokinesis continues
56
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

57
Q

apoptosis
- incomplete syndactyly

A

fingers joined part way up

human a&p exam 1 (3 decks)

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