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Biology > Chapter 4 Cell structure & function > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Cell structure & function Flashcards

Cell function & function

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1
Q

actin filaments

A

Filaments composed of the protein actin that are part of a cell’s cytoskeleton

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2
Q

active transport

A

The use of a carrier molecule to move molecules across a plasma membrane in a direction opposite that of the concentration gradient. The carrier requires an input of energy other than the kinetic energy of the molecules.

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3
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

The biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and converts food, such as carbohydrates, to carbon dioxide and water. During this conversion, it releases the chemical-bond energy as ATP molecules.

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

Drugs that selectively kill or inhibit the growth of a particular cell type

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5
Q

Archaea

A

One of two domains of prokaryotic organisms: Archaea and Bacteria. Distinguished from the domain Bacteria by differences in the nature of the DNA, cell wall, and cell membrane.

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

Noneukaryotic, unicellular organisms of the Domain Bacteria; formerly used to refer to members of both the Domain Bacteria and the Domain Archaea.

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7
Q

cells

A

The basic structural units of all living things; the smallest units that display the characteristics of life.

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8
Q

cell theory

A

The concept that all living things are made of cells.

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9
Q

cell wall

A

An outer covering on some cells; may be composed of cellulose, chitin, or peptidoglycan, depending on the kind of organism.

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10
Q

cellular membranes

A

Thin sheets of material composed of phospholipids and proteins; some of the proteins have attached carbohydrates or fats.

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11
Q

centriole

A

Two sets of nine short microtubules; each set of tubules is arranged in a cylinder.

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12
Q

chlorophyll

A

The green pigment located in the chloroplasts of plant cells associated with trapping light energy.

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13
Q

chloroplasts

A

Energy-converting, membranous, saclike organelles in plant cells containing the green pigment chlorophyll.

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14
Q

chromatin

A

An area or a structure within the nucleus of a cell composed of long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in association with proteins.

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15
Q

chromosome

A

Double stranded DNA molecules with attached protein (nucleoprotein) coiled into a short, compact unit.

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16
Q

cilia

A

Numerous short, hair-like structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.

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17
Q

concentration gradient (diffusion gradient)

A

The gradual change in the number of molecules per unit of volume over distance.

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18
Q

cristae

A

Folded surfaces of the inner membranes of mitochondria.

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19
Q

cytoplasm

A

The portion of the protoplasm that surrounds the nucleus.

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20
Q

cytoskeleton

A

The internal framework of eukaryotic cells composed of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments; provides the cell with a flexible shape, and the ability to move through the environment, to move molecules internally, and to respond to environmental changes.

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21
Q

diffusion

A

The net movement of a kind of molecule from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

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22
Q

domain

A

The first (broadest) classification unit of organisms; there are three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya.

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23
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

The condition in which molecules are equally dispersed; therefore, movement is equal in all directions.

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24
Q

endocytosis

A

The process cells use to wrap membrane around a particle (usually food) and engulf it.

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25
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface on which chemical activities take place.

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26
Q

Eucarya

A

The domain of life that includes all organisms that have eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and algae).

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27
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

One of the two major types of cells; cells that have a true nucleus, as in plants, fungi, protists, and animals.

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28
Q

exocytosis

A

The process cells use to wrap membrane around a particle (usually cell products or wastes) and eliminate it from a cell.

29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion assisted by carrier molecules.

30
Q

flagella

A

Long, hair-like structures, projecting from the cell surface, that enable locomotion.

31
Q

fluid-mosaic model

A

The concept that the cellular membrane is composed primarily of protein and phospholipid molecules that are able to shift and flow past one another.

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells

33
Q

grana

A

Stacks of sacs of the chloroplast membrane (thylakoids)where chlorophyll molecules are concentrated.

34
Q

granules

A

Materials whose structure is not as well defined as that of other organelles.

35
Q

hydrophilic

A

Readily absorbing or dissolving in water.

36
Q

hydrophobic

A

Tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in, water.

37
Q

hypertonic

A

A comparative term describing one of two solutions; a hypertonic solution is one with higher amount of dissolved material.

38
Q

hypotonic

A

A comparative term describing one of two solutions; a hypotonic solution is one with a lower amount of dissolved material.

39
Q

inclusions

A

Materials inside a cell that are usually not readily identifiable; stored materials.

40
Q

intermediate filaments

A

Protein fibers that connect microtubules and microfilaments as part of the cytoskeleton.

41
Q

isotonic

A

A term used to describe two solutions that have the same concentration of dissolved material.

42
Q

lysosomes

A

Specialized, submicroscopic organelles that hold a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.

43
Q

microfilaments

A

Long, fiber like, submicroscopic structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement.

44
Q

microtubules

A

Submicroscopic, hollow tubes of protein that function throughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement.

45
Q

mitochondrion

A

Membranous organelles resembling small bags with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serve as the site of aerobic cellular respiration.

46
Q

net movement

A

Movement in one direction minus the movement in the other.

47
Q

noneukaryotic cells

A

One of two general types of living cells. Two forms are recognized: Bacteria and Archaea.

48
Q

nuclear membrane

A

The structure surrounding the nucleus that separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm.

49
Q

nucleolus

A

A nuclear structure composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the information for their construction.

50
Q

nucleoplasm

A

The liquid matrix of the nucleus, composed of a mixture of water and the molecules used in the construction of the rest of the nuclear structures.

51
Q

nucleus

A

The central body that contains the information system for the cell; also the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

52
Q

organelles

A

Cellular structures that perform specific functions in the cell; the function of organelles is directly related to their structure.

53
Q

osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

54
Q

peroxisomes

A

Membrane bound, submicroscopic organelles that hold enzymes capable of producing hydrogen peroxide that aids in the control of infections and other dangerous compounds

55
Q

phagocytosis

A

The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it.

56
Q

photosynthesis

A

A series of reactions that take place in chloroplasts and results in the storage of sunlight energy in the form of chemical-bond energy.

57
Q

pinocytosis

A

The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water.

58
Q

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

A

The outer boundary membrane of the cell.

59
Q

prokaryotes

A

Organisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells; Bacteria and Archaea.

60
Q

protoplasm

A

The living portion of a cell, as distinguished from the nonliving cell wall.

61
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

The process in which molecules from the cell’s surroundings bind to receptor molecules on the plasma membrane, followed by the membrane folding into the cell so that the cell engulfs these molecules.

62
Q

ribosomes

A

Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits, involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids.

63
Q

selectively permeable

A

The property of a membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through it but interferes with the passage of others.

64
Q

signal transduction

A

The process by which cells detect specific signals and transmit those signals to the cell’s interior.

65
Q

stroma

A

The region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.

66
Q

thylakoid

A

A membranous sac found within chloroplasts of plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is the site of the light-capturing events and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis; a stack of thylakoids is known as a granum.

67
Q

vacuoles

A

Large sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell, composed of a single membrane

68
Q

vesicles

A

Small, intracellular, membrane-bound sacs in which various substances are stored.

Biology (3 decks)

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