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BIO101S > Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What components are present in all cells?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus (eukaryotic)
  • nucleoid (prokaryotic)
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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier between cell contents and the environment

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3
Q

Lipid bilayer

A
  • controls the flow of substances across it
  • consists of mainly phospholipids
  • separates cell contents from surrounding environment
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4
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Allows the passage of certain molecules/ions while keeping the other substances out

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5
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components

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6
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • water loving

- polar heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

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7
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • water fearing

- non polar tails form the center of the membrane

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8
Q

Adhesion

A

Holds cells together or to external proteins

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed reactions at membrane

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10
Q

Receptors

A

Trigger a change in cellular activity and response to a stimulus

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11
Q

Transport as channels/carriers

A

Move or allow specific substances across lipid bilayer

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12
Q

Cell wall

A
  • rigid, permeable structure

- ions and other solutes can cross easily

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13
Q

Capsule

A
  • help cells adhere to many types of surfaces

- protect cells against predators and toxins

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14
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated

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15
Q

Plasmid

A

Carries genes that provide advantages such as resistance to antibiotics

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16
Q

Flagella

A

Used for motility

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17
Q

Pili

A
  • protein filaments used for attachment

- “sex” pilus transfers genetic material via conjugation

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi-fluid substance enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane

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20
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid component of cytoplasm

21
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus

22
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope

23
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled

24
Q

The endomembrane system

A

A multifunctional network of interconnected, membrane-enclosed organelles

25
Q

Organelles

A

Work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

26
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Tubes/sacs extending from the nuclear envelope

27
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

A
  • studded with ribosomes

- synthesizes proteins

28
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • lacks ribosomes
  • functions in lipid synthesis and metabolism
  • detoxification of drugs and pesticides
  • storage of calcium ions
29
Q

Golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

A
  • further modify proteins and lipids delivered from ER

- sort and package finished products into vesicles

30
Q

Vesicles

A

Formed naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm

31
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • digest fatty acids and amino acids

- break down toxins and metabolic by-products

32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down cellular waste and debris

33
Q

Vacuole

A
  • large, fluid-filled vesicles

- store and break down waste, debris, toxins or food

34
Q

Central vacuole (plants)

A
  • storage in many plant cells

- fluid pressure keeps plant cells plump and firm

35
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • site of ATP synthesis
  • have double membrane
  • have their own DNA and ribosomes
  • replicate independently from the cell
36
Q

Plastids

A

Photosynthesis, pigmentation, storage in plants and algae cells

37
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • specialised in photosynthesis

- contain chlorophyll

38
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis

39
Q

Chloroplast structure

A
  • disc-shaped or oval

- have own DNA

40
Q

Chromoplasts

A
  • make and store pigments other than chlorophyll

- eg: color change during fruit ripening

41
Q

Amyloplasts

A
  • unpigmented

- make and store starch grains

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organise, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures

43
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A
  • maintain cell shape and internal organisation
  • moves cell structure
  • provides machinery for intracellular transport
  • enables cells to carry out essential functions such as division
44
Q

Microtubules

A
  • tubulin subunits

- involved in moving cell parts

45
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • subunits: protein actin
  • reinforces cell membrane- change or strengthen the shape of a cell
  • cell movement, contraction and migration
46
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • fibrous subunits
  • most stable
  • provide mechanical strength and help stabilise cell shape
47
Q

Cellular movement

A
  • motor protein interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move cell parts or the whole cell
  • uses energy ATP
48
Q

Centrosomes

A

Act as the major microtubule organising centres in animal cells

BIO101S (2 decks)

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