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BIO 198-13 General BIO > Chapter 4 : Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 4 : Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who invented the microscope?

A

Robert Hook

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2
Q

The cell theory states 3 things:

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.
  2. Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms
  3. Cells arise from ONLY division of previously existing cell
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3
Q

Rate of diffusion is affected by a number of variables including

A
  • Surface area
  • Temperature
  • Concentration gradient of diffusing substances
  • distance over which diffusion occurs
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4
Q

Why can’t we see cells?

A

the limited resolution of the human eye

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5
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance between two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate pieces

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6
Q

4 Major feature that make up ALL cells

A
  • A nucleotide or nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma Membrane
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7
Q

Where does DNA reside in prokaryotes?

A

nucleoid

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semifluid matrix filling the interior of the cell

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9
Q

Cytosol

A

Part of cytoplasm that contains organic molecules and ions

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10
Q

What is the simplest organisms?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

What are the two prokaryote domains?

A

Archaea and bacteria

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12
Q

What is the role of a cell wall?

A

Protects the cell, Maintain it’s shape, and prevents excessive uptake or loss of water

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13
Q

What are most bacteria cell walls composed of?

A

Petidoglycan

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14
Q

What are archaea cell walls composed of?

A

Polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic components

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15
Q

Flagella

A

Long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell that are used in locomotion

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA synthesis

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17
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A structure that surrounds the nucleus made of two phospholipid bilayer membrane.

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

A substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein

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19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Largest internal membrane, composed of phospholipid bilayer and embedded with proteins

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20
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Processes and Transports proteins made at attached ribosomes

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21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Fatty acid and steroid (lipid) synthesis and detoxifies toxic substances

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells; involved in secretion and intracellular transport from the ER to other parts of the cell

23
Q

Lysosome

A

A small, round structure with various specialized metabolic functions

24
Q

microbody

A

A cellular organelle bounded by a single membrane and containing a variety of enzymes; generally derived from endoplasmic reticulum

25
Q

Peroxisome

A

Microbodies that contain enzymes used to oxidize fatty acids

26
Q

Central Vacuole

A

A membranous sac in plant cells that functions cell tonicity and store nutrients / waste products

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle called the powerhouse. Consist of outer membrane, a complex inner membrane that produces energy for the cell in the form of ATP

28
Q

Cristae

A

Folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

29
Q

Matrix

A

Inner membrane containing proteins for oxidative metabolism

30
Q

Intermembrane space

A

Outer compartment lying between two mitochondrial membranes

31
Q

chloroplast

A

A cell-like organelle present in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll (and usually other pigments) and carries out photosynthesis.

32
Q

Thylakoids

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

33
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

34
Q

amyloplast

A

A plant organelle called a plastid that specializes in storing starch.

35
Q

plastid

A

An organelle in the cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes that is the site of photosynthesis and, in plants and green algae, of starch storage.

36
Q

endosymbiosis

A

Theory that proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiosis between different species of prokaryotes.

37
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain three types of cytoskeletal fibers including..

A

Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

38
Q

Actin Filaments

A

1/3 of the elements that make up the cytoskeleton, also called microfilaments.

39
Q

Microtubule

A

A long, hollow protein cylinder, composed of the protein tubulin; this influence cell shape, move chromosomes in cell division, and provide the function internal structure of cilia and flagella.

40
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

A cytoskeletal element made up of fibrous lamin protein that is intermediate in size between microfilaments and microtubules.

41
Q

Centrioles

A

Organelle made of 2 cylinders of microtubules, located in the nucleus, help to organize cell division and form basal bodies

42
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections made of microtubules that extend from the plasma membrane and used for locomotion

43
Q

Flagella

A

Whip like tails made of microtubules found in single cell organism to aid in movement

44
Q

Which of the following is the main function of intermediate filaments?

A

To enable cells to withstand the mechanical stress that occurs when cells are stretched

45
Q

adherens junction

A

A form of adhesive junction found between cells in many organisms. The most ancient cell junctions, these contain the Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecule cadherin.

46
Q

cadherin

A

One of a large group of transmembrane proteins that contain a Ca2+-mediated binding between cells; these proteins are responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion between cells of the same type.

47
Q

desmosome

A

A type of anchoring junction that links adjacent cells by connecting their cytoskeletons with cadherin proteins.

48
Q

septate junction

A

A type of tight junction between animal cells that forms a waterproof barrier.

49
Q

tight junction

A

Region of actual fusion of plasma membranes between two adjacent animal cells that prevents materials from leaking through the tissue.

50
Q

gap junction

A

A junction between adjacent animal cells that allows the passage of materials between the cells.

51
Q

plasmodesmata

A

In plants, cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.

52
Q

Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. Which of the following are found only in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

53
Q

Which of the following are differences between bacteria and archaea?

A

The molecular architecture of their cell walls

54
Q

Ca Ions are stored in the

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

BIO 198-13 General BIO (4 decks)

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