CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDIES + EXTRA CONTENT: PEACE AND CONFLICT Flashcards

Question

Religious Ideologies in conflict:

Answer 1

1. Religious Ideologies: The belief systems of different religions can significantly influence social norms, laws, and international politics. 2. Sunni vs Shia: Predominantly seen in Middle Eastern geopolitical dynamics, influencing regional politics, alliances, and conflicts.

Answer 2

1. Cultural Ideology: Involves the collective beliefs and values expressed through cultural practices, affecting societal behavior and policies. 2. Western vs Non-Western Ideologies: Differences in perceptions of democracy, human rights, and secularism. 3. Traditional vs Modern Values: Tensions arise over evolving societal norms, including gender roles and sexual orientation rights.

Answer 3

1. A complex conflict influenced by a mix of historical claims, territorial disputes, and religious and cultural differences. 2. Jewish historical and biblical connections to the land. 3. Palestinian aspirations for nationhood and resistance to perceived occupation. 4. Religious significance to Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.

Answer 4

1. Characterised by a shift towards right-wing ideologies, challenging established liberal and globalist perspectives. 2. Influenced by: Economic dissatisfaction, particularly post-2008 financial crisis. Identity politics, centring on national identity and immigration. Scepticism towards the perceived failures of globalisation and multilateral institutions

Answer 5

1. On domestic policies: Directly influences a country's internal policies, especially in areas of civil rights, national security, and education, where ideological divisions are pronounced. 2. On International relations: Ideological differences often dictate foreign policy, influencing diplomatic relations, trade, and global strategic alliances. Can be a primary factor in conflicts, contributing to international unrest and military engagements. 3. On society: Contributes to societal polarisation, potentially leading to protest movements or internal conflict. Shapes national narratives, public opinion, and even educational curricula, affecting how history and current events are perceived and taught.

Answer 6

1. Identity conflicts often arise from complex historical, social, and political contexts, where perceived threats to a group's existence or values are paramount. 2. Historical Roots: These conflicts frequently have deep historical origins, including colonial legacies, historical injustices, and long-standing ethnic or religious rivalries. 3. Social and Cultural Factors: Differences in language, religion, and cultural practices can be significant conflict sources, especially where policies or social changes appear to challenge or undermine these identity markers. 4. Political and Economic Inequalities: Such disputes can also stem from situations where particular identity groups feel excluded from political decision-making or economic benefits.

Answer 7

1. Land rights and territorial disputes: Historical Context: Indigenous populations have frequently faced dispossession and marginalisation from ancestral lands, which continue to affect relations with state authorities and private entities. Contemporary Issues: Modern-day conflicts often arise due to governmental or corporate encroachments for resource extraction or development, infringing on indigenous land rights and livelihoods. 2. Cultural Rights and preservation: Language and Education: Struggles around preserving indigenous languages and accessing culturally relevant education are a frequent flashpoint. Cultural Practices: Governmental or societal restrictions on traditional practices lead to tensions, emphasizing the need for cultural sensitivity and the right to cultural expression. 3. Political Representation and autonomy: Self-Determination: The pursuit of political representation and self-governance is a key element in many indigenous identity conflicts. Legal and Policy Frameworks: Global frameworks like the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) provide benchmarks for these rights, influencing national policies and identity-based disputes.

Answer 8

1. Managing diversity: Policies and Integration: How a state manages ethnic diversity (through policies like multiculturalism, assimilation, or segregation) profoundly affects social harmony and potential conflicts. Socio-Economic Integration: Disparities in employment, education, and wealth distribution among various ethnic groups can exacerbate tensions and lead to conflict. 2. National Identity and inclusion: Constructing a National Identity: Debates around the definition of national identity can either foster a sense of belonging or alienate minority groups. Citizenship Laws and Rights: The framing of citizenship and rights can be pivotal in either unifying a nation or deepening divisions based on identity. 3. Conflict and violence: Communal Violence: When ethnic, religious, or cultural competition for resources, political influence, or cultural dominance escalates, it can lead to communal violence and widespread disturbances. Role of Institutions: The effectiveness of state institutions in managing diversity and addressing grievances influences whether these conflicts are mitigated or intensified.

Answer 9

1. Ethnic and Religious Dimensions: The predominantly Muslim Rohingya, residing in a majority Buddhist country, have faced intense persecution and discrimination, culminating in accusations of ethnic cleansing and genocide. 2. Statelessness and Rights: Myanmar's denial of citizenship rights to the Rohingya illustrates how governmental policies can amplify identity conflicts, leading to international humanitarian crises

Answer 10

1. Cross-Border Ethnicity: The Kurdish population, spread across Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran, has persistently sought greater autonomy and recognition, often clashing with central governments. 2. Impact on Regional Politics: The Kurdish struggle intersects with broader regional dynamics, including territorial integrity issues, national security concerns, and international diplomacy.

Answer 11

1. Cultural and Linguistic Identity: The distinct cultural and linguistic identity of Catalans has fuelled desires for independence or greater autonomy from Spain, leading to significant political and social strife. 2. Political Responses: The Spanish government's response, including legal and police action against independence proponents, exemplifies the challenges in resolving identity conflicts within democratic, integrated states.

Answer 12

1. Relevance in Asymmetric Warfare: Traditional Just War Theory doesn’t fully address conflicts involving non-state actors like terrorist groups. 2. Technological Advancements: Drones and cyber warfare introduce new challenges in ensuring discrimination and proportionality. 3. Cultural Bias: Critics argue that Just War Theory might reflect a Western ethical bias, not universally applicable or accepted.

Answer 13

1. Humanitarian intervention is generally characterised as the employment of military force by one or several nations to prevent or cease gross human rights violations in another nation. 2. Criteria for Intervention: For an intervention to be considered 'humanitarian', its primary goal should be civilian protection. Often, non-military actions such as sanctions or diplomatic efforts are initially undertaken. 3. Consent and Legitimacy: The legitimacy of an intervention often hinges on whether it has the backing of the international community, usually through the United Nations (UN), or a significant number of countries.

Answer 14

1. Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Emerged from the 2005 UN World Summit, where world leaders agreed to the principle that when national governments fail to safeguard their citizens from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, or crimes against humanity, the international community has a responsibility to protect. 2. Preventing Genocide and Mass Atrocities: The ethical argument often hinges on the necessity to prevent mass atrocities. Historical instances like the Rwandan Genocide have been cited as examples where intervention might have prevented mass slaughter.

Answer 15

1. Violation of Sovereignty: Critics argue that humanitarian interventions are often a violation of the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference, essential pillars of the international system. 2. Hidden Agendas: There is concern that states might use humanitarian justifications to pursue broader geopolitical or economic interests. 3. Unintended Consequences: Even well-intentioned interventions can lead to long-lasting conflicts, instability, and sometimes worsen the humanitarian situation they intended to ameliorate.

Answer 16

1. The intervention in Libya, authorised by the UN Security Council, was initially hailed as a successful application of the R2P principle. However, the subsequent collapse of Libya into chaos and civil war raised questions about the long-term planning and objectives of humanitarian interventions.

Answer 17

1. Success Metrics: The effectiveness of humanitarian interventions is not only in stopping immediate violence but also in ensuring long-term stability, rebuilding efforts, and preventing future conflicts. 2. Impact Assessment: The long-term social, political, and economic impacts in the intervened regions are critical for a comprehensive evaluation.

Answer 18

1. United Nations: The UN's role in authorising, condemning, or questioning interventions is crucial in determining their legitimacy and effectiveness. 2. Regional Organisations: Bodies like NATO, the African Union, and the European Union influence humanitarian interventions through their support, advocacy, and operational roles.

Answer 19

1. Normative Shifts: The global consensus on humanitarian intervention and the balance between human rights and sovereignty continues to evolve, particularly as new international crises emerge. 2. Technological Advancements: Modern warfare technology, including cyber capabilities and unmanned systems, is changing the nature of interventions and posing new ethical and tactical questions

Answer 20

1. Culturally Condoned Violence: Acts of violence endorsed or accepted by a society due to deep-rooted cultural, religious, or traditional beliefs. 2. Common Examples: These include honour killings, female genital mutilation (FGM), forced marriages, witch hunts, and certain forms of religious or tribal warfare

Answer 21

1. Tradition and Honour: Many societies view family honour as paramount, sometimes leading to honour killings to redeem perceived loss of honour due to actions like adultery, refusal of an arranged marriage, or even victimhood of sexual assault. 2. Religious Doctrine: Certain groups use religious texts to justify violence, often picking historical or contextual interpretations that support their stance. 3. Social Control: Methods of maintaining societal control or enforcing social norms, particularly against subjugated groups such as women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and religious or ethnic minorities, can also involve violence.

Answer 22

1. Human Rights Perspective: International Human Rights Norms: Many practices of culturally condoned violence breach international human rights standards as per declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Global Campaigns and Treaties: Various international treaties and campaigns by organisations such as the United Nations, WHO, and Amnesty International aim to combat these practices. 2. Challenges in addressing cultural condoned violence: Cultural Relativism: This philosophy argues that one cannot judge the cultural practices of another group by one's own cultural standards, posing significant challenges in addressing these issues on a global scale.Sovereignty and Non-Intervention: Balancing respect for national sovereignty with the need to prevent grave human rights abuses remains a significant international relations challenge. 3. International actions and policies: Diplomatic Measures: Governments and international organisations often use diplomatic channels to exert pressure for change, though this can be delicate and controversial. Conditional Aid: Western countries and international organisations sometimes link financial aid to human rights improvements, including the cessation of certain violent cultural practices.

Answer 23

1. The Positions-Interests-Needs framework is another valuable tool for analyzing conflicts. It focuses on the motivations and underlying factors that drive conflicting parties. 2. Positions: Positions are the explicit demands, claims, or stances taken by the parties involved. In this section, we will explore the concept of positions in conflicts and how they impact the dynamics and potential resolutions. Positions are often characterized by their inflexibility. Parties may hold steadfast to their positions, making negotiations and compromise challenging. The rigidity of positions can lead to prolonged conflicts, as parties are unwilling to make concessions. Positions are typically accompanied by stated demands, which outline what each party wants to achieve. These demands are often the starting point for negotiations. Understanding the underlying motivations behind these demands is crucial for conflict resolution. 3. Interests: Interests delve deeper into the motivations behind positions. This section will explore the concept of interests and how they provide a more comprehensive understanding of the parties' motivations in conflicts. Compared to positions, interests are more flexible and amenable to negotiation. Parties may be willing to adjust their interests to reach a mutually acceptable solution. Recognizing shared interests can be a foundation for conflict resolution. Identifying common interests between conflicting parties is a crucial step in conflict resolution. When parties discover shared interests, it creates opportunities for collaboration and compromise. For example, in a labor-management conflict, both sides may have an interest in a productive and stable workplace. 4. Needs: Needs are the fundamental, underlying concerns that drive both positions and interests. In this section, we will explore the concept of needs and their significance in understanding conflicts. Needs often relate to basic human needs, such as safety, dignity, or justice. Recognizing and addressing these fundamental needs is vital for conflict resolution. Failure to address these needs can lead to ongoing resentment and unrest. In conflict resolution, addressing unmet needs is a key strategy for achieving a lasting solution. Parties may be more willing to compromise and cooperate when their core needs are acknowledged and addressed. Resolving underlying needs can lead to sustainable peace. The Positions-Interests-Needs framework encourages parties to look beyond their stated positions and focus on their underlying interests and needs. By doing so, it opens avenues for creative and mutually beneficial solutions, leading to more sustainable conflict resolution.

Answer 24

1. Positions: Israel's position includes demands for security and international recognition. On the other hand, Palestinians demand statehood, sovereignty, and the right of return for refugees. These positions have historically been rigid, contributing to the protracted nature of the conflict. 2. Interests: Both parties have interests in peace, stability, and economic prosperity. Additionally, they share an interest in addressing the well-being and security of their populations. Recognizing these common interests is crucial for the conflict's resolution. 3. Needs: The underlying needs in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict relate to fundamental human needs, including safety, dignity, self-determination, and justice. Unaddressed needs have fueled ongoing tensions and violence in the region.

Answer 25

1. Territorial Control: Kashmir is a region in South Asia, primarily divided between India, Pakistan, and China. The dispute revolves around the control of this strategically located region. 2. Material Interest: The control of Kashmir offers strategic advantages, access to important water resources, and regional influence. Both India and Pakistan have strategic and material interests in maintaining control over parts of Kashmir.

Answer 26

1. Resource scarcity, driven by factors such as climate change and population growth, is an emerging trend that is expected to impact territorial control and material interests. E.g. water scarcity and new arctic resources 2. Cyberwarfare: The digital realm introduces a new dimension to territorial control and material interests, as conflicts can emerge from attempts to control the digital domain. E.g. digital territorial control,

Answer 27

1. Types of Resources: Resource scarcity can pertain to various essential resources, including water, arable land, minerals, energy sources, and more. In regions heavily dependent on a specific resource, scarcity of that resource can trigger conflicts. 2. Case Study: Water Conflict in the Middle East: The competition for limited freshwater resources in the Middle East, particularly along the Tigris-Euphrates river system, has been a long-standing source of tension between nations in the region. The struggle for water rights has created a backdrop for regional instability and conflicts. 3. Economic Implications: Resource scarcity can disrupt economies, leading to socio-economic instability and creating fertile ground for conflicts. This is especially pertinent in regions where industries are heavily reliant on the scarce resource in question. 4. Economic Inequity: Scarce resources often result in economic inequality, as those who can control or exploit the resources gain a significant advantage. This inequality can breed resentment and conflict, as marginalized groups seek to address their grievances. 5. Environmental Degradation: Over-exploitation of scarce resources can lead to environmental degradation, compounding the problems by affecting the livelihoods of those dependent on these resources. This can trigger disputes and conflicts as communities and nations seek to protect their environments.

Answer 28

1. Resource Scarcity Amplifying Ideological Differences: When resources become scarcer due to factors like climate change, mismanagement, or population growth, it can intensify ideological divides. Nations or groups may resort to extreme measures to secure these dwindling resources, further exacerbating tensions. 2. Case Study: Darfur Conflict: In Darfur, Sudan, resource scarcity, particularly water and arable land, aggravated ethnic and political tensions. This complex web of issues eventually led to one of the most significant conflicts in recent history. This case underscores the destructive potential of the intersection between resource scarcity and ideology. 3. Ideological Justification for Resource Acquisition: Ideology can be used to justify resource acquisition and expansionist policies. Nations may frame their actions as necessary for the survival and prosperity of their ideology, leading to territorial disputes and even armed conflicts

Answer 29

1. Perceived threats to identity can manifest in various forms, and their impact on conflicts should not be underestimated. 2. Cultural Threats: These involve attempts to suppress or replace a specific culture, language, or heritage. For example, the suppression of Tibetan culture by the Chinese government has sparked international tension. 3. Religious Threats: Conflicts often emerge when religious practices or beliefs are threatened. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is influenced by religious elements, as both parties consider the Holy Land integral to their faiths. 4. Ethnic and National Threats: Disputes related to ethnicity and nationality can escalate when individuals or groups perceive that their ethnic or national identities are under threat. The Kurdish conflict, for instance, is rooted in the desire for autonomy and the preservation of Kurdish identity.

Answer 30

1. Cognitive Biases: confirmation bias and group think 2. Perceptions of threat: miscommunication, perception of military build-up(creates arms race)

Answer 31

1. Reinforcement: Threatened identity and skewed perceptions often reinforce each other. When identity is perceived to be at risk, cognitive biases can intensify, causing individuals or groups to interpret actions and intentions more negatively than they might in other circumstances. This cycle of reinforcement can significantly escalate conflicts. 2. Escalation: The combination of threatened identity and skewed perceptions can escalate conflicts beyond resolution. Parties become entrenched in their positions, and diplomatic solutions become increasingly challenging. Escalation is particularly likely when identity is deeply rooted in cultural, religious, or ethnic factors.

Answer 32

1. Motivations: national security, territorial integrity, resources acquisition 2. Methods of engagement: diplomatic agreement, military action

Answer 33

1. Motivations: Peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, conflict resolution 2. Methods of engagement: diplomacy and peacekeeping forces

Answer 34

1. Public displays of group sentiment, usually in opposition to a specific idea, policy, or regime. 2. Forms: Marches and Rallies: Organised walks or gatherings to demonstrate solidarity and support for a cause. Sit-ins and Picketing: Non-violent occupation of a space or forming lines to display protest. 3. Effectiveness: Publicity and Media Coverage: Demonstrations often attract considerable media attention, amplifying the protesters' message. Pressure on Authorities: Large-scale participation can pressurise governments and institutions to address the demands or grievances raised.

Answer 35

1. Civil disobedience involves the intentional and non-violent refusal to comply with certain laws, demands, or orders from a government or occupying power. 2. Characteristics: Non-violent Nature: Emphasis on avoiding physical harm to others. Conscientious and Deliberate: Based on moral objections to particular legal provisions or government actions. Public: Unlike covert resistance, civil disobedience is performed openly, often attracting media coverage and public attention. 3. Key Theororists: Henry David Thoreau: His essay "Civil Disobedience" (1849) argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule their consciences. 4. Martin Luther King Jr.: Influenced by Gandhi, King advocated for non-violent civil disobedience as an instrument of social change.

Answer 36

1. Motivations: Resources acquisition and profit 2 2. Methods of engagement: Lobbying, economic influence, resource acquisition 3. The involvement of Shell, a major oil corporation, in the Niger Delta conflict highlights how economic interests of TNCs intersect with conflicts over resources.

Answer 37

1. Public Awareness and Opinion: Illuminate issues and sway public sentiment. 2. Mobilisation: Galvanise support across different sections of society, creating a collective force. 3. Policy Impact: Can lead to significant policy shifts or the enactment of new legislation.

Answer 38

1. Ethics and philosophy: legitimacy of the action, effectiveness 2. Potential for Escelation: risk of radicalisation and state induced-violence

Answer 39

1. Social Disruption: casualties and human suffering, social divisions 2. Economic consequences: long-term poverty, economic devestation(e.g. Infrastructure destroyed in guerrilla movements)

Answer 40

1. Regime change: toppling governments(e.g. Arab spring), more stable transitional governments 2. International effects: Neighboring countries are often effected, many time IGOs and NGOs must get involved to facilitate peace. There is often human rights abuses within these conflicts that must be addressed internationally

Answer 41

1. Socioeconomic factors: poverty and inequality and marginalisation 2. Ideological factors: extremist ideologies

Answer 42

1. Diplomatic efforts: negotiations and mediation and good offices(venue or services (like messaging between parties) can assist in the logistics of peace processes) 2. Economic Measures: sanctions and embargoes, aid and development support 3. Military Involvement: peacekeeping operations, military intervention 4. Legal and political pressures: international court cases, resolutions and declarations

Answer 43

1. Legal and Ethical Challenges: Issues related to human rights, state sovereignty, and the moral complexities in responding to terrorism and genocide. 2. The Future Landscape: How evolving technology, geopolitical shifts, and globalisation might shape the nature of terrorism and genocide in the future.

Answer 44

1. Strategic interests: Access to resources, geographical strategic positions, or maintaining or altering the balance of power. Preventing the spread of conflict to areas of strategic importance. 2. Humanitarian Concerns: Alleviating suffering caused by conflicts, especially in cases of mass atrocities, famine, or large-scale displacement. Acting on moral or ethical obligations as global citizens to prevent or reduce human suffering. 3. International Stability: Upholding international law and defending the principles of sovereignty and non-aggression. Preventing the spill-over of conflicts into wider regional wars, which can disrupt global stability. 4. Domestic Political Pressures: Political leaders responding to internal public opinion, which can be sympathetic to the plight of those affected by conflict elsewhere. Political capital gained from successful foreign interventions or peace initiatives.

Answer 45

1. On the conflict: Potentially bringing conflicts to a quicker resolution through diplomacy, sanctions, or military might. On the other hand, involvement can intensify conflicts, particularly if it's perceived as biased or if it escalates the violence. 2. On the international stage: Shifting power dynamics and alliances, with new partnerships formed or existing ones strained based on the stance and actions in conflicts. Impacts on the reputation and perceived impartiality of international organisations. 3. On domestic politics of involved parties: Influence on the political landscape and public opinion within the countries of the third parties. Successes and failures in foreign policy can significantly impact domestic political fortunes. Economic implications, especially in the case of military interventions, which can be costly in terms of resources and human lives.

Answer 46

1. Legitimacy and sovereignty: The principle of state sovereignty and non-interference is sometimes at odds with interventions, leading to debates about the legality and morality of such actions. External interventions are often criticised as forms of neo-imperialism, especially when the intervening parties have significant power disparities with the conflict state. 2. Effectiveness: There is ongoing debate over the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of external interventions in resolving conflicts. Risks of creating dependency or not addressing the root causes of conflict, leading to cycles of violence. 3. Selectivity and Bias: Inconsistent application of intervention, often influenced by strategic interests rather than humanitarian need. Some conflicts receive significant attention and resources, while others are largely ignored. Accusations of bias in international bodies, where decisions may be disproportionately influenced by powerful member states.

Answer 47

1. United Nations in Syria during Arab Spring 2. African union in Somalia

Answer 48

1. Definition: Negotiations in international relations refer to the process where conflicting parties engage in dialogue to resolve disputes and achieve a sustainable peace agreement. 2. Components: Successful negotiations often involve pre-negotiation preparation, defining objectives, identifying negotiable issues, and understanding the interests of the opposing party.

Answer 49

1. Asymmetry of Power: Power imbalances can impact the fairness of the negotiation outcome. 2. Cultural Differences: Differing cultural backgrounds can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. 3. Lack of Trust: Without trust, negotiations may not progress or yield sustainable outcomes.

Answer 50

1. Definition: Treaties are formal, written agreements between states or international actors, legally binding under international law. 2. Components: Typically include the preamble, articles detailing the agreement's terms, and provisions for entry into force and amendments. 3. Long-term Stability: Treaties aim to provide lasting solutions to conflicts by addressing the root causes and establishing frameworks for future relations. 4. Legal Binding Nature: The legal obligations imposed by treaties create a formal structure to ensure compliance by the parties involved.

Answer 51

1. Definition: Peacekeeping forces are deployed by international organisations, such as the United Nations, to help maintain peace and security in post-conflict areas. 2. Activities: These include monitoring ceasefires, protecting civilians, disarming ex-combatants, and supporting the organisation of elections 3. Successes: Effective Monitoring and Stabilisation: They have been successful in various global locations in maintaining peace and preventing conflicts from re-escalating. 4. Challenges: Issues include limited rules of engagement, logistical constraints, and sometimes, inadequate support from the international community. 5. E.g. operations in Darfur, Sudan

Answer 52

1. Economic reconstruction: restoration of infrastructure(e.g. roads), revival of livelihoods(e.g. employment) 2. Social reconstruction: rebuilding communities(including healthcare and education), Supporting Internally displaced people and refugees 3. Political Reconstruction: re-establishing governance and rule of law, creating electoral reform

Answer 53

1. Resource constraints: consistent funding and capacity building 2. Political and social constraints: legacy of mistrust, maintaining political will(remember, social contract(sort of)) 3. International Involvement: empowering local leaders is important for sustainable change, coherence of international support is also a priority

Answer 54

1. Background: Post-genocide, Rwanda faced enormous reconstruction challenges. 2. Strategies Used: Initiatives included the Gacaca courts, community-building programmes, and economic reforms. 3. Outcomes: Significant progress in terms of political stability and economic growth, though challenges like political freedom and ethnic reconciliation remain.

Answer 55

1. Preventive Measures: The critical importance of education in promoting human rights, empathy, and historical awareness to prevent future instances of terrorism and genocide. 2. Educational Initiatives: Discuss initiatives like peace education, multicultural education, and the teaching of critical thinking skills to challenge hatred and fanaticism.

Answer 56

1. Ceasefires and Peace Negotiations: Once violence has become entrenched, achieving ceasefires and initiating peace negotiations becomes increasingly challenging. Factions on both sides may have vested interests in perpetuating the conflict, making compromise difficult to reach. 2. Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Rebuilding societies torn apart by violent conflict is a Herculean task. Infrastructure must be rebuilt, social divisions reconciled, and institutions strengthened. International support and aid are often crucial in these efforts

Answer 57

1. Motiviations, Political, economic and social change and self determination 2. Methods of engagement: Insurgency and guerilla warfare and terrorism 3. A notable example is Farc

Answer 58

1. Relevance in Asymmetric Warfare: Traditional Just War Theory doesn’t fully address conflicts involving non-state actors like terrorist groups. 2. Technological Advancements: Drones and cyber warfare introduce new challenges in ensuring discrimination and proportionality. 3. Cultural Bias: Critics argue that Just War Theory might reflect a Western ethical bias, not universally applicable or accepted.

Answer 59

1. Economic interests drive conflict when parties compete for resources, market dominance, and economic control. Such disputes can occur over a variety of issues including but not limited to resources, trade policies, and foreign investments. 2. Resource Allocation: Nations or corporations may conflict over access to natural resources like oil, minerals, or water. The desire to control these resources can lead to both local and international disputes. 3. Trade Disputes: Issues arise from practices like protectionism, imposing tariffs, and creating trade barriers. Such disputes can escalate to trade wars affecting global markets. 4. Foreign Investment Conflicts: Occur when there's a clash over foreign direct investments, often influenced by concerns over national security or economic dependence.

Answer 60

1. Conflict Theory: Views social structures as inherently unequal, based on power dynamics that favour dominant groups. 2. Symbolic Interactionism: Examines how social norms and values sustain structural inequalities.

Answer 61

1. Perpetuation in Societies: it becomes normalised, institutionalised, and has a lack of visibility 2. Impedes peace: undermines social stability, fosters conflict 3. Sustains conflict: justifies direct violence, leads to a cycle of retaliation

Answer 62

1. Context: Globally, women and non-binary individuals often face institutional barriers. Talk about Iran or Saudi Arabia. 2. Manifestation: This may be seen in wage gaps, underrepresentation in leadership roles, and inadequate legal protections. 3. Outcome: These issues reinforce traditional gender roles and limit overall societal progress.

Answer 63

1. Education for Peace: Education systems that promote understanding, tolerance, and critical thinking are crucial in cultivating peace. 2. Cultural Diversity and Respect: Respect for diversity and multiculturalism can decrease tension and foster social harmony.

Answer 64

1. Conflict dynamics frequently change, with conflicts transitioning from greed-driven to grievance-driven, or vice versa. Recognizing these shifts is critical in crafting effective conflict resolution strategies. 2. Addressing the root causes of both greed and grievance is fundamental to conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts. These may include economic development initiatives, measures to address historical injustices, or diplomatic negotiations.