Chapter 4- Carbon And The Molecular Diversity

Question 1

Name and define the three types of isomers.

Answer 1

1) Structural- different in covalent arrangements of their atoms
2) Geometric- same covalent partnership but differ in special arrangements (arise from inflexibility of C double bonds)
3) Enantiomers- molecules that are mirror images of each other
- Usually involves an asymmetric carbon (a C attached to 4 different atoms or group of atoms)

Question 2

Functional Groups

Answer 2

A group of atoms attached to a C skeleton

Question 3

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 3

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom (OH)

• Very polar, allows material to be hydrophilic
• Forms alcohols

Question 4

Carbonyl Group

Answer 4

A C atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond

• C=O
• There are 2 types of carbonyl group compounds
  1) Aldehydes- a carbonyl group at the end of a C skeleton
  2) Ketones- a carbonyl group in the middle of a carbon chain

Question 5

Carboxyl Group

Answer 5

Group with a carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group and double bonded to an oxygen

• COOH
• A.K.A carboxylic acids

Question 6

Amino Group

Answer 6

Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens

• Forms compound called amines
• Acts as a base

Question 7

Sulfhydryl Group

Answer 7

Sulfur bonded to a hydrogen

• Forms compounds called thiols
• Help with protein structure

Question 8

Phosphate Group

Answer 8

Phosphorus with four oxygens

• Has a -3 charge
• Involved with energy transfers (ATP)

Question 9

Methyl Group

Answer 9

Carbon bonded to three hydrogens

-Very nonpolar and hydrophobic

Question 10

Isomers

Answer 10

Compounds with the same molecular formula but have different structures
-Results in different molecular and chemical properties