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Biology 111 > Chapter 4: Carbon > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Carbon Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The backbone of life

A

Carbon

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2
Q

T/F Water is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse

A

False. Carbon is.

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3
Q

How many valences does Carbon have?

A

4

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4
Q

T/F Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

A

True

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5
Q

Vitalism

A

living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things

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6
Q

Living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things.

A

Vitalism

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7
Q

This experiment tested whether complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth

A

Miller’s Experiment

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8
Q

Miller’s experiment proposed that these three compounds made up primitive air. What compounds actually made up air?

A

CH4, NH3, H20 —-> CO2, N2

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9
Q

Miller’s experiment: the scientists proposed that no ______ existed, when in fact:

Problem with premise

A

oxygen, oxygen did exist. Since oxygen did (apparently) exist, amino acids would be broken down

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10
Q

Miller’s experiment: amino acid isolation was caused by: , when in actuality _________.

Problem with premise:

A

cold trap, amino acids would have been destructed, spark will destroy amino acids

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11
Q

T/F Ethylene and Ethene are the same compound

A

True

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12
Q

Remember: to find valence electrons, Herbert says to add up all the electrons (atomic number) and then add them to orbitals (2, 8, 8, 8)

A

Truth

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13
Q

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to ____ other atoms

A

Four

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14
Q

What type of valence does Carbon have?

A

tetravalence

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15
Q

The arrangement of Carbon’s four ____ ______ causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron

A

hybrid orbitals

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16
Q

Know the structure of Urea

A

NH2 - CO - NH2

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17
Q

Carbon molecular diversity arises from carbon _____ variation

A

skeleton

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18
Q

These carbon molecules are composed of only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

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19
Q

Name two uses of hydrocarbons

A

fossil fuels like gasoline

fat

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20
Q

Are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic (fat, for example)

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21
Q

Do hydrocarbons release or absorb energy?

A

Release energy

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22
Q

Isomers are _______ that have the same numbers of atoms of the same ________but different structures and hence, different ______

A

compounds, elements, properties

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23
Q

Name three types of isomers

A

structural, geometric, enantiomer

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24
Q

This type of isomer differs in the covalent arrangement of two molecule’s atoms

A

Structural isomer

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25
Q

Pentane and 2-methyl butane

A

structural isomer

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26
Q

Cis-trans isomers:

A

geometric isomers

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27
Q

Each of two or more compounds which differ from each other in the arrangement of groups with respect to a double bond, ring, or other rigid structure.

A

Geometric isomers

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28
Q

Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other.

A

Enantiomers

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29
Q

A form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have different bonding patterns and atomic organization

A

structural isomers

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30
Q

This type of isomers differs in the spatial arrangements of the same atoms of the same elements

A

Geometric isomers

31
Q

Which type of isomer arises from the inflexibility of double bonds

A

Geometric isomers

32
Q

The effective enantiomer of Ibuprofen

A

S-Ibuprofen

33
Q

The ineffective enantiomer of Ibuprofen

A

R-Ibuprofen

34
Q

The effective enantiomer of Albuterol

A

R-Albuterol

35
Q

The ineffective enantiomer of Albuterol

A

S-Albuterol

36
Q

When would you prescribe Albuterol to a patient?

A

When they experience asthma

37
Q

When would you prescribe ibuprofen to a patient?

A

When they experience pain, inflammation

38
Q

When would you prescribe ibuprofen to a patient?

A

When they experience pain, inflammation

39
Q

What are key to the functioning of biological molecules?

A

A few chemical groups —X

40
Q

Which two molecules have a common carbon skeleton in the form of four fused rings but differ only in the chemical groups attached to the rings?

A

Estradiol and Testosterone

41
Q

What does our sexuality have its biological basis in?

A

Variations of molecular architecture

42
Q

-OH

A

Hydroxyl (compound name; alcohol)

43
Q

R-CO-R

A

Carbonyl (compound name: ketone or aldehyde)

44
Q

R - CO - OH

A

Carboxyl (compound name: carboxylic acid)

45
Q

-NH2

A

Amino (compound name: amine)

46
Q

-SH

A

sulfhydryl (compound name: thiol)

47
Q

O2OHPOH

A

Organic phosphate

48
Q

-CH3

A

Methyl (methylated compound)

49
Q

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)

A

Amines (-NH2)

50
Q

Amines are found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of:

A

+1

51
Q

Thiols

A

Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

52
Q

When two sulfhydryl groups react, what do they form? What does this “cross linking” do?

A

covalent bond, helps stabilize protein structure

53
Q

The cross-linking of _____ in hair proteins maintains the curliness of hair.

A

cysteines

54
Q

Glycine:
Cysteine:
Glycerol phosphate:
5-Methyl Cytidine:

A

Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl

55
Q

Phosphates contributes a _____ charge to molecule of which they are a part (_____ at the end of a molecule, and +++++ at the middle)

A

negative charge, -2 at end, -1 in middle

56
Q

Which molecules containing this group has the potential to react with water, releasing energy?

A

Organic phosphates

57
Q

Addition of this chemical group to DNA or to molecules bound by DNA affects the expression of genes

A

-CH3 (methylated compounds)

58
Q

Arrangment of this chemical group in male and female sex hormones affect their shape and function

A
  • CH3
59
Q

Alcohols

A

-OH

60
Q

This chemical group is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom

A

-OH

61
Q

This chemical group can form hydrogen bonds with water, helping to dissolve organic compounds such as sugars:

This chemical group has the potential to react with water to release energy:

A

Alcohol, Organic phosphates

62
Q

If the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton, its name is:

A

ketone

63
Q

If the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, its name is:

A

aldehyde

64
Q

Acetone contains a ________ group but propanal has an ______group

A

ketone, aldehyde

65
Q

T/F a ketone and an aldehyde may be ______ isomers with different properties

A

structural isomers with different properties

66
Q

Acetone (ketone) and propanal (aldehyde) are _____ isomers with different _____

A

structural isomers with different properties

67
Q

These groups are also found in sugars and give rise to two major groups of sugars ___ and ____

A

Ketones and aldehydes, ketoses and aldoses

68
Q

Draw out acetic acid, acetone and propanal. Which two of these include carbonyl groups

A

Acetone and propanal

69
Q

This chemical group can act as an acid; can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

A

Carboxyl

70
Q

This chemical group is found in cells in the ionized from with a charge of -1 and called a carboxylate ion

A

-CO-OH

71
Q

Draw out the reaction for ATP:

A

ATP + H20 —> Pi + ADP + Energy

72
Q

P-P-P-Adenosine reacts with H20 —-> Pi (inorganic phosphate) + P-P-Adenisine (ADP) + Energy

A

ATP reaction

73
Q

ATP Reaction

A

P-P-P-Adenosine reacts with H20 —-> Pi (inorganic phosphate) + P-P-Adenosine (ADP) + Energy

Biology 111 (4 decks)

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