Chapter 4: Carbon

Question 1

The backbone of life

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

T/F Water is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse

Answer 2

False. Carbon is.

Question 3

How many valences does Carbon have?

Answer 3

4

Question 4

T/F Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Vitalism

Answer 5

living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things

Question 6

Living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things.

Answer 6

Vitalism

Question 7

This experiment tested whether complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth

Answer 7

Miller’s Experiment

Question 8

Miller’s experiment proposed that these three compounds made up primitive air. What compounds actually made up air?

Answer 8

CH4, NH3, H20 —-> CO2, N2

Question 9

Miller’s experiment: the scientists proposed that no ______ existed, when in fact:

Problem with premise

Answer 9

oxygen, oxygen did exist. Since oxygen did (apparently) exist, amino acids would be broken down

Question 10

Miller’s experiment: amino acid isolation was caused by: , when in actuality _________.

Problem with premise:

Answer 10

cold trap, amino acids would have been destructed, spark will destroy amino acids

Question 11

T/F Ethylene and Ethene are the same compound

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Remember: to find valence electrons, Herbert says to add up all the electrons (atomic number) and then add them to orbitals (2, 8, 8, 8)

Answer 12

Truth

Question 13

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to ____ other atoms

Answer 13

Four

Question 14

What type of valence does Carbon have?

Answer 14

tetravalence

Question 15

The arrangement of Carbon’s four ____ ______ causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron

Answer 15

hybrid orbitals

Question 16

Know the structure of Urea

Answer 16

NH2 - CO - NH2

Question 17

Carbon molecular diversity arises from carbon _____ variation

Answer 17

skeleton

Question 18

These carbon molecules are composed of only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 18

Hydrocarbons

Question 19

Name two uses of hydrocarbons

Answer 19

fossil fuels like gasoline

fat

Question 20

Are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 20

Hydrophobic (fat, for example)

Question 21

Do hydrocarbons release or absorb energy?

Answer 21

Release energy

Question 22

Isomers are _______ that have the same numbers of atoms of the same ________but different structures and hence, different ______

Answer 22

compounds, elements, properties

Question 23

Name three types of isomers

Answer 23

structural, geometric, enantiomer

Question 24

This type of isomer differs in the covalent arrangement of two molecule’s atoms

Answer 24

Structural isomer

Question 25

Pentane and 2-methyl butane

Answer 25

structural isomer

Question 26

Cis-trans isomers:

Answer 26

geometric isomers

Question 27

Each of two or more compounds which differ from each other in the arrangement of groups with respect to a double bond, ring, or other rigid structure.

Answer 27

Geometric isomers

Question 28

Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other.

Answer 28

Enantiomers

Question 29

A form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have different bonding patterns and atomic organization

Answer 29

structural isomers

Question 30

This type of isomers differs in the spatial arrangements of the same atoms of the same elements

Answer 30

Geometric isomers

Question 31

Which type of isomer arises from the inflexibility of double bonds

Answer 31

Geometric isomers

Question 32

The effective enantiomer of Ibuprofen

Answer 32

S-Ibuprofen

Question 33

The ineffective enantiomer of Ibuprofen

Answer 33

R-Ibuprofen

Question 34

The effective enantiomer of Albuterol

Answer 34

R-Albuterol

Question 35

The ineffective enantiomer of Albuterol

Answer 35

S-Albuterol

Question 36

When would you prescribe Albuterol to a patient?

Answer 36

When they experience asthma

Question 37

When would you prescribe ibuprofen to a patient?

Answer 37

When they experience pain, inflammation

Question 38

When would you prescribe ibuprofen to a patient?

Answer 38

When they experience pain, inflammation

Question 39

What are key to the functioning of biological molecules?

Answer 39

A few chemical groups ---X

Question 40

Which two molecules have a common carbon skeleton in the form of four fused rings but differ only in the chemical groups attached to the rings?

Answer 40

Estradiol and Testosterone

Question 41

What does our sexuality have its biological basis in?

Answer 41

Variations of molecular architecture

Question 42

-OH

Answer 42

Hydroxyl (compound name; alcohol)

Question 43

R-CO-R

Answer 43

Carbonyl (compound name: ketone or aldehyde)

Question 44

R - CO - OH

Answer 44

Carboxyl (compound name: carboxylic acid)

Question 45

-NH2

Answer 45

Amino (compound name: amine)

Question 46

-SH

Answer 46

sulfhydryl (compound name: thiol)

Question 47

O2OHPOH

Answer 47

Organic phosphate

Question 48

-CH3

Answer 48

Methyl (methylated compound)

Question 49

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)

Answer 49

Amines (-NH2)

Question 50

Amines are found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of:

Answer 50

+1

Question 51

Thiols

Answer 51

Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

Question 52

When two sulfhydryl groups react, what do they form? What does this "cross linking" do?

Answer 52

covalent bond, helps stabilize protein structure

Question 53

The cross-linking of _____ in hair proteins maintains the curliness of hair.

Answer 53

cysteines

Question 54

Glycine: Cysteine: Glycerol phosphate: 5-Methyl Cytidine:

Answer 54

Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl

Question 55

Phosphates contributes a _____ charge to molecule of which they are a part (_____ at the end of a molecule, and +++++ at the middle)

Answer 55

negative charge, -2 at end, -1 in middle

Question 56

Which molecules containing this group has the potential to react with water, releasing energy?

Answer 56

Organic phosphates

Question 57

Addition of this chemical group to DNA or to molecules bound by DNA affects the expression of genes

Answer 57

-CH3 (methylated compounds)

Question 58

Arrangment of this chemical group in male and female sex hormones affect their shape and function

Answer 58

- CH3

Question 59

Alcohols

Answer 59

-OH

Question 60

This chemical group is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom

Answer 60

-OH

Question 61

This chemical group can form hydrogen bonds with water, helping to dissolve organic compounds such as sugars: This chemical group has the potential to react with water to release energy:

Answer 61

Alcohol, Organic phosphates

Question 62

If the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton, its name is:

Answer 62

ketone

Question 63

If the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, its name is:

Answer 63

aldehyde

Question 64

Acetone contains a ________ group but propanal has an ______group

Answer 64

ketone, aldehyde

Question 65

T/F a ketone and an aldehyde may be ______ isomers with different properties

Answer 65

structural isomers with different properties

Question 66

Acetone (ketone) and propanal (aldehyde) are _____ isomers with different _____

Answer 66

structural isomers with different properties

Question 67

These groups are also found in sugars and give rise to two major groups of sugars ___ and ____

Answer 67

Ketones and aldehydes, ketoses and aldoses

Question 68

Draw out acetic acid, acetone and propanal. Which two of these include carbonyl groups

Answer 68

Acetone and propanal

Question 69

This chemical group can act as an acid; can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

Answer 69

Carboxyl

Question 70

This chemical group is found in cells in the ionized from with a charge of -1 and called a carboxylate ion

Answer 70

-CO-OH

Question 71

Draw out the reaction for ATP:

Answer 71

ATP + H20 ---> Pi + ADP + Energy

Question 72

P-P-P-Adenosine reacts with H20 ----> Pi (inorganic phosphate) + P-P-Adenisine (ADP) + Energy

Answer 72

ATP reaction

Question 73

ATP Reaction

Answer 73

P-P-P-Adenosine reacts with H20 ----> Pi (inorganic phosphate) + P-P-Adenosine (ADP) + Energy