Chapter 4 Botkin and Keller Flashcards
what is population dynamics?
the general study of population changes
What is a population?
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information
What is a demography?
the statistical study of human populations, and people who study the human population
include demographers
what are the five key properties of any population?
Abundance, birth rate, death rate, growth rate and age structure
what type of growth rate has the human population had?
exponential rate
What is stage one of our species’ population four phases?
early period of hunters and gatherers
population was less than a few million
What is stage two of our species’ population four phases?
began with the rise of agriculture, population grew
What is stage three of our species’ population four phases?
Industrial Revolution in late 18th century - better medicine and tech, people lived longer and population grew
What is stage four of our species’ population four phases?
Late 20th century
In this stage, population growth slowed in wealthy, industrialized nations, and although it has continued to increase rapidly in many poorer, less developed nations
What is crude birth rate?
number of births per 1,000 individuals per year;
What is crude growth rate?
net number added per 1,000 individuals per year; also equal to the crude birth rate minus crude death rate
what is general fertility rate?
number of live births expected in a year per 1,000 women aged 15–49, considered the childbearing years.
What is GNP per capita?
gross national product (GNP), which includes the value of all domestic and foreign output
What is total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children expected to be born to a women throughout her child-bearing years
How many people are estimated to have lived of earth?
50 billion
Stage three of the human population growth brought on medical care and sanitation, which medicine was the significant?
Antibiotics
How do you calculate doubling time?
70 divided by the annual growth rate
What was P. E Verhulst’s theory of the human population growth curve?
population cannot grow forever and the growth curve will be shaped like an S (the logistic growth curve.
growth would increase exponentially for a while, but eventually decline when reaching the upper limit called the logistic carrying capacity
Does the human or animal population actually follow the S-shaped growth curve?
No, there is little evidence that any population follow the logistic capacity curve
What is the point of the S-shaped curve called where it change the slope horizontally?
Inflection point
What are the 4 types of population pyramids?
a pyramid
a column
an inverted pyramid
a column with a bulge
What is the demographic transition?
a three-stage patterns of change in birth rates and death rates that has occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western nations. It leads to a DECLINE in population growth
What is the first step in the demographic transition?
decline in death rates
result of better health and sanitation
what is the second stage of the demographic transition?
Birth rates start to decline and better family planning methods - still high growth rate
what is the third stage of the demographic transition?
the birth rates drop to the same level as death rates - low or zero growth rate
only if there is economic benefits to having fewer children
What is the key point to understand the demographic transition?
it will only happen if parents come to believe that having a small family is to their benefit
What brings on the “second” demographic transition?
treating chronic health problems
what is maximum lifetime?
the genetically determined maximum possible ag to which an individual of a species can live
