Chapter 4 - Algae Flashcards
Protists with Chloroplasts
Algae
Plant-like protists
Algae
Singular of Algae
Alga
Study of Algae
Phycology
The chloroplast of higher plants functions to produce ________
and store ________.
food (Photosynthesis); food
The chloroplast of higher plants has _____________ and ___________ in the thylakoid.
double outer membranes; another membrane
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by __________________
- cells are motile
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
extracellular material
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- if the cells are ________ or not.
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
motile
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- cells are motile
- occur _________, in __________, ____________, or ____________
singly; colonies; filaments; multicellular
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- _____________________
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- cells are motile
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
presence of flagella
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- ___________________
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- cells are motile
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
color of the plastids
An example of a unicellular alga.
Lepocinclis oxyuris (Euglenida)
An example of a multicellular red alga (Rhodophyta).
Kappaphycus alvarezii ‘guso’
Are algae that live in the sea or in brackish water.
Seaweeds
Algae that are almost exclusively marine.
Red and Brown Algae
Are also common in freshwater (rivers and lakes), and even in terrestrial (rocks, walls, houses, and tree bark in damp places) areas.
Green Algae
Are important as primary producers of organic matter at the base of the food chain.
Algae
They provide oxygen for other aquatic life.
Algae
Is used for fertilizer / soil amendments
Miscellaneous species of Kelps (Brown algae), e.g. Laminaria, Macrocystis
Is used for sewage treatment to remove inorganic nutrients and toxins
Unicellular freshwater Chlorophyta and other micro- and
macroalgae.
Is used for filters / Rubbing compounds (polish) / Pest control
(fleas)
Diatoms in the form of Diatomaceous earth (diatomite)
Various forms of Algae (4)
Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
Multicellular
3 groups according to pigmentation:
green algae
red algae
brown algae
How many species are there in Division Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)?
1500
What are the largest species in Division Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)?
Kelps
They have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and carotenoids, including the yellow-brown fucoxanthin in their chloroplasts.
Brown Algae
What is the main energy reserve of brown algae?
Laminarin (a carbohydrate)
Brown algae are commercially important for the presence of ________, used as thickener and stabilizing agent in ice creams, marshmallows, toothpastes, shaving creams, hair sprays, and hand lotions
Algin
Is used as food and are a rich source of certain vitamins and of minerals such as iodine.
Brown Algae
___________ are one source of the antiseptic
tincture of iodine.
Brown Algae
How do brown algae reproduce?
Sexually
Most of them spend a portion of their lives as haploid organisms and a portion as diploid organisms.
Brown Algae
Both of their asexual zoospores (asexual spore) and sexual gametes are biflagellated
Brown Algae
In brown algae, both of their asexual zoospores (asexual spore) and sexual gametes are ___________.
biflagellated
They are common in cooler marine waters, especially along rocky coastlines
Brown Algae
____________ form extensive underwater “forests” and are essential in that ecosystem as the primary producer of food
Kelps
__________ also provide habitats for many marine invertebrates, fishes, and mammals such as sea otters.
Kelp beds
A succession of haploid and diploid phases
Brown Algae Life Cycle
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- ____________ produce a multicellular haploid thallus
Spores
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- The ____________ produces isogamous gametes.
thallus
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- _____________: two gametes meet and a diploid zygote is formed
Fertilization
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
4. The _________ then gives rise to a multicellular diploid structure, which in some
cases is indistinguishable from the haploid structure
zygote
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
4. The zygote then gives rise to a __________________, which in some
cases is indistinguishable from the haploid structure
multicellular diploid structure
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- The ________________ produces haploid spores through meiosis
diploid thallus
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- The diploid thallus produces __________ through meiosis
haploid spores
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- The diploid thallus produces haploid spores through _____________
meiosis
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
- Spores produce a ______________
multicellular haploid thallus
Types of Asexual Reproduction (3):
isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Gametes appear identical and both are small and motile
Isogamy
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Gametes are in dissimilar size.
Anisogamy
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Large, immotile female gametes are with
small, motile male gametes.
Oogamy
How many genera are there in Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae)?
600
How many species are there in Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae)?
5500
How many species of red algae are in freshwater habitats?
10%
_____ marine species with tropical sites predominantly red algae.
90%
What pigments do red algae possess?
Chlorophyll a and phycobilins
Pigments that are assembled into a phycobilisome.
Phycobilins
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* ________________
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels
Primary Producers
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide ____________ for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels
structural habitat
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
____________________________ of coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels
primary establishment and maintenance
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of ____________
food and gel
The Philippines is the leading supplier of ____________ accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
Eucheuma seaweed
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about ____ of total world supply.
80%
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
_______________ accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
Tawi-tawi and Sulu
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for ____.
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
53%
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
_______________ (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
Southern Tagalog
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%.
Southern Tagalog (____),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
23%
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and _______________ (17%).
Western Mindanao
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (_____).
17%
The Philippine seaweed production increased at an average rate of _____ annually from 284,000 tons (Php1B) in 1991 to 618,000 tons
(Php1.9B) in 2000.
9.4%
It is estimated that ____________ families are directly dependent on seaweed culture
180,000
Manufactured Phytocolloid Carageenan come from the extract of ______________.
Eucheuma (guso)
__________________________ come from the extract of Eucheuma (Guso)
Manufactured Phytocolloid Carageenan
Used to manufacture surgical jellies and ointment
Red Algae
Is also an essential ingredient in pudding, frosting and baker jellies for emulsification and improvement of its texture.
Red Algae
An important stabilizer for ice cream, confectioners, syrups and thickener for
soup and related products.
Red Algae
How is the chloroplast constructed?
____________ do not stack at all; they form no grana. Chloroplast is enclosed by double membranes
Thylakoids
How is the chloroplast constructed?
Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form _________. Chloroplast is enclosed by double membranes
no grana
How is the chloroplast constructed?
Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form no grana. ___________ is enclosed by double membranes
Chloroplast
How is the chloroplast constructed?
Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form no grana. Chloroplast is enclosed by ____________
double membranes
This starch lacks the amylose unbranched portion of “starch”.
Floridean starch
Simplest cell construction of unicellular red alga (no sexual reproduction; non-flagellated)
Porphyridium
A multicellular red alga
Polysiphonia
Female organ
carpogonium
Most of the red algae in the wall of separation between adjacent cells contain communications called ______________.
Pit connections
Are unique cell connections found in almost all red algae
Pit connections
Can be defined as the opening in the cell wall between two cells which is filled in by a plug and a plug cap.
Pit connections
Pit connections can be defined as the opening in the cell wall between two cells which is filled in by a ______ and a _________.
plug; cap plug
Pit connections can form either during __________, primary pit connections, or between secondary pit connections.
cell division
Pit connections can form either during cell division, ___________________, or between secondary pit connections.
primary pit connections
Pit connections can form either during cell division, primary pit connections, or between ________________________.
secondary pit connections
Pit connections can form either during ____________, _________________, or ___________________.
cell division; primary pit connections; between secondary pit connections
Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes the __________________ and Florideophyceae
Bangiophyceae
Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes: the Bangiophyceae and ___________________
Florideophyceae
Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes: the __________________ and __________________.
Bangiophyceae; Florideophyceae
Based on ultrastructure and molecular evidence the Bangiophyceae is now accepted as a _____________ group
paraphyletic
Florideophyceae is considered to be ________________ based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
monophyletic
Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a ____________________ (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
filamentous gonimoblast
Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and ______________ (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
tetraspongia
___________________ is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
Florideophyceae
Has no flagellated stages
Division Rhodophyta
Subclass Florideophycidae
-has __________________
-has complex growth forms
pit connections
Subclass Florideophycidae
-has pit connections
-has __________________
complex growth forms
Subclass Florideophycidae
-has ________________
-has ________________
pit connections; complex growth forms
Subclass ________________
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction
Bangiophycidae
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have ________________
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction
unicellular forms
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have ________________
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction
uninucleated cells
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- ___________________
- no true sexual reproduction
no pit connections
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- ____________________
no true sexual reproduction
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
have unicellular forms; have uninucleated cells; no pit connections; no true sexual reproduction
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
have unicellular forms; have uninucleated cells; no pit connections; no true sexual reproduction
How many genera are there in Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)?
450
How many species are there in Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)?
7000
Has chlorophylls a and b, carotene, xanthophyll
Green Algae
The cell wall of green algae is composed __________ and _________
cellulose; pectins
Some species have flagella (gametes or spores)
Green Algae
Some species of Green Algae have __________ (gametes or spores)
flagella
90 % of Green Algae species are found in ________________
freshwater habitats
________ of Green Algae species are found in freshwater habitats
90%
10 % of marine Green Algae species are predominantly __________
tropical
________ of marine Green Algae species are predominantly tropical
10%
TRUE OR FALSE: Green Algae are morphologically diverse
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Pyrenoids occur in most species
True
___________ occur in most species of Green Algae
Pyrenoids
___________ are proteinaceous regions of the chloroplast found in algae and some bryophytes but not in higher plants.
Pyrenoids
Pyrenoids are proteinaceous regions of the chloroplast found in _______ and some _________ but not in __________.
algae; bryophytes; higher plants
Site for CO2 fixation, storage of starch and proteins
Pyrenoids
Class ULVOPHYCEAE:
- Occur mostly in _____________
- Have siphonous thallus
- Alternation of generation (sporic type) is
common
marine habitat
Class ULVOPHYCEAE:
- Occur mostly in marine habitat
- Have _________ thallus
- Alternation of generation (sporic type) is
common
siphonous
Class ULVOPHYCEAE:
- Occur mostly in marine habitat
- Have siphonous thallus
- ______________________ is common
Alternation of generation (sporic type)
Sea lettuce
Ulva lactuca
Ulva lactuca
- Flat _______________ made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
- Cells are siphonous; have no crosswalls or septa.
- Thallus- plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
leaf -like thallus
Ulva lactuca
- Flat leaf-like thallus made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
- Cells are ___________; have no crosswalls or septa.
- Thallus- plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
siphonous
Ulva lactuca
- Flat leaf-like thallus made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
- Cells are siphonous; have no crosswalls or septa.
- ________ - plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
Thallus
‘lato’, sea grapes
Caulerpa lentillifera
non-branching filamentous green alga
Ulothrix
branching filamentous alga
Cladophora
mermaid’s wineglass
Acetabularia crenulata
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes ___________ (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
unicellular
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (__________, ___________),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
Closterium, Cosmarium
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- _____________ (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
filamentous
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (_____________)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
Spirogyra
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and ____________ (Chara)
members
plant-like
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (_______)
members
Chara
________ is a single-celled alga whose cell is deeply divided by a short isthmus
Cosmarium
Cosmarium is a single-celled alga whose cell is deeply divided by a short __________
isthmus
__________ cells are elongated usually crescent-shaped and rarely straight. Some are quite straight and needle-like, while
others are much broader with
curved ends.
Closterium
__________ moves in a somersaulting motion by secreting mucilage from alternating ends of the cell
Closterium
Closterium moves in a somersaulting motion by secreting ________ from alternating ends of the cell
mucilage
Closterium moves in a ________________ by secreting mucilage from alternating ends of the cell
somersaulting motion
The __________ is located in the center of the cell between the chloroplasts.
nucleus
Found in ponds, pools, and lakes. Commonly
called aquatic horsetail
Chara
Chara are found in ponds, pools, and lakes, and are commonly called __________
aquatic horsetail
Contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis (photoautotrophic)
Unicellular Alga
Wherein accessory pigments help absorb light, giving algae a variety of colors
Unicellular Alga
The chloroplast often turns red due to pigment _________ when conditions
become unfavorable.
astaxanthin
Volvox forms a ________ colony
spherical
A member of the carotenoid family, is a dark-red pigment which is the main carotenoid found in the marine world of algae and aquatic animals.
Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is commercially produced from the microalga __________, the richest known natural source for ASTAXANTHIN.
Haematococcus pluvialis
Is a powerful antioxidant and can serve as a potent free-radical scavenger.
Astaxanthin
has been found to provide many essential biological functions,
including protection against lipid-membrane peroxidation of
essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins, DNA damage and
UV light effects; it also plays an important role in immunological
defense.
Astaxanthin
CLOROPHYTES HAVE MAJOR LIFE CYCLES:
SPORIC MEIOSIS
GAMETIC MEIOSIS
ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS
Increasingly complex adult morphologies and intermediate life history
Sporic Meiosis
- Most similar to fungal life cycle
Zygotic Meiosis
In ____________ the
multicellular diploid phase
undergoes meiosis and
produces gametes directly,
not spores.
gametic meiosis
Similar to animal life cycle
gametic meiosis
