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bio 60 > Chapter 4 - Algae > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Algae Flashcards

1
Q

Protists with Chloroplasts

A

Algae

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2
Q

Plant-like protists

A

Algae

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3
Q

Singular of Algae

A

Alga

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4
Q

Study of Algae

A

Phycology

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5
Q

The chloroplast of higher plants functions to produce ________
and store ________.

A

food (Photosynthesis); food

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6
Q

The chloroplast of higher plants has _____________ and ___________ in the thylakoid.

A

double outer membranes; another membrane

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7
Q

Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:

  1. color of the plastids
  2. presence of flagella
  3. cell is surrounded by __________________
  4. cells are motile
  5. occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A

extracellular material

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8
Q

Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:

  1. color of the plastids
  2. presence of flagella
  3. cell is surrounded by extracellular material
  4. if the cells are ________ or not.
  5. occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A

motile

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9
Q

Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:

  1. color of the plastids
  2. presence of flagella
  3. cell is surrounded by extracellular material
  4. cells are motile
  5. occur _________, in __________, ____________, or ____________
A

singly; colonies; filaments; multicellular

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10
Q

Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:

  1. color of the plastids
  2. _____________________
  3. cell is surrounded by extracellular material
  4. cells are motile
  5. occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A

presence of flagella

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11
Q

Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:

  1. ___________________
  2. presence of flagella
  3. cell is surrounded by extracellular material
  4. cells are motile
  5. occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A

color of the plastids

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12
Q

An example of a unicellular alga.

A

Lepocinclis oxyuris (Euglenida)

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13
Q

An example of a multicellular red alga (Rhodophyta).

A

Kappaphycus alvarezii ‘guso’

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14
Q

Are algae that live in the sea or in brackish water.

A

Seaweeds

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15
Q

Algae that are almost exclusively marine.

A

Red and Brown Algae

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16
Q

Are also common in freshwater (rivers and lakes), and even in terrestrial (rocks, walls, houses, and tree bark in damp places) areas.

A

Green Algae

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17
Q

Are important as primary producers of organic matter at the base of the food chain.

A

Algae

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18
Q

They provide oxygen for other aquatic life.

A

Algae

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19
Q

Is used for fertilizer / soil amendments

A

Miscellaneous species of Kelps (Brown algae), e.g. Laminaria, Macrocystis

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20
Q

Is used for sewage treatment to remove inorganic nutrients and toxins

A

Unicellular freshwater Chlorophyta and other micro- and
macroalgae.

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21
Q

Is used for filters / Rubbing compounds (polish) / Pest control
(fleas)

A

Diatoms in the form of Diatomaceous earth (diatomite)

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22
Q

Various forms of Algae (4)

A

Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
Multicellular

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23
Q

3 groups according to pigmentation:

A

green algae
red algae
brown algae

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24
Q

How many species are there in Division Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)?

A

1500

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25
Q

What are the largest species in Division Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)?

A

Kelps

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26
Q

They have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and carotenoids, including the yellow-brown fucoxanthin in their chloroplasts.

A

Brown Algae

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27
Q

What is the main energy reserve of brown algae?

A

Laminarin (a carbohydrate)

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28
Q

Brown algae are commercially important for the presence of ________, used as thickener and stabilizing agent in ice creams, marshmallows, toothpastes, shaving creams, hair sprays, and hand lotions

A

Algin

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29
Q

Is used as food and are a rich source of certain vitamins and of minerals such as iodine.

A

Brown Algae

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30
Q

___________ are one source of the antiseptic
tincture of iodine.

A

Brown Algae

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31
Q

How do brown algae reproduce?

A

Sexually

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32
Q

Most of them spend a portion of their lives as haploid organisms and a portion as diploid organisms.

A

Brown Algae

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33
Q

Both of their asexual zoospores (asexual spore) and sexual gametes are biflagellated

A

Brown Algae

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34
Q

In brown algae, both of their asexual zoospores (asexual spore) and sexual gametes are ___________.

A

biflagellated

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35
Q

They are common in cooler marine waters, especially along rocky coastlines

A

Brown Algae

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36
Q

____________ form extensive underwater “forests” and are essential in that ecosystem as the primary producer of food

A

Kelps

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37
Q

__________ also provide habitats for many marine invertebrates, fishes, and mammals such as sea otters.

A

Kelp beds

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38
Q

A succession of haploid and diploid phases

A

Brown Algae Life Cycle

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39
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. ____________ produce a multicellular haploid thallus
A

Spores

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40
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. The ____________ produces isogamous gametes.
A

thallus

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41
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. _____________: two gametes meet and a diploid zygote is formed
A

Fertilization

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42
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:
4. The _________ then gives rise to a multicellular diploid structure, which in some
cases is indistinguishable from the haploid structure

A

zygote

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43
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:
4. The zygote then gives rise to a __________________, which in some
cases is indistinguishable from the haploid structure

A

multicellular diploid structure

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44
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. The ________________ produces haploid spores through meiosis
A

diploid thallus

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45
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. The diploid thallus produces __________ through meiosis
A

haploid spores

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46
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. The diploid thallus produces haploid spores through _____________
A

meiosis

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47
Q

Brown Algae Life Cycle:

  1. Spores produce a ______________
A

multicellular haploid thallus

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48
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction (3):

A

isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy

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49
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Gametes appear identical and both are small and motile

A

Isogamy

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50
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Gametes are in dissimilar size.

A

Anisogamy

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51
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction:

Large, immotile female gametes are with
small, motile male gametes.

A

Oogamy

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52
Q

How many genera are there in Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae)?

A

600

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53
Q

How many species are there in Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae)?

A

5500

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54
Q

How many species of red algae are in freshwater habitats?

A

10%

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55
Q

_____ marine species with tropical sites predominantly red algae.

A

90%

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56
Q

What pigments do red algae possess?

A

Chlorophyll a and phycobilins

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57
Q

Pigments that are assembled into a phycobilisome.

A

Phycobilins

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58
Q

Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* ________________
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels

A

Primary Producers

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59
Q

Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide ____________ for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels

A

structural habitat

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60
Q

Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
____________________________ of coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels

A

primary establishment and maintenance

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61
Q

Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of ____________

A

food and gel

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62
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of ____________ accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

A

Eucheuma seaweed

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63
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about ____ of total world supply.

A

80%

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64
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

In 2000:
_______________ accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).

A

Tawi-tawi and Sulu

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65
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for ____.
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).

A

53%

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66
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
_______________ (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).

A

Southern Tagalog

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67
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%.
Southern Tagalog (____),
and Western Mindanao (17%).

A

23%

68
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and _______________ (17%).

A

Western Mindanao

69
Q

The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.

In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (_____).

A

17%

70
Q

The Philippine seaweed production increased at an average rate of _____ annually from 284,000 tons (Php1B) in 1991 to 618,000 tons
(Php1.9B) in 2000.

A

9.4%

71
Q

It is estimated that ____________ families are directly dependent on seaweed culture

A

180,000

72
Q

Manufactured Phytocolloid Carageenan come from the extract of ______________.

A

Eucheuma (guso)

73
Q

__________________________ come from the extract of Eucheuma (Guso)

A

Manufactured Phytocolloid Carageenan

74
Q

Used to manufacture surgical jellies and ointment

A

Red Algae

75
Q

Is also an essential ingredient in pudding, frosting and baker jellies for emulsification and improvement of its texture.

A

Red Algae

76
Q

An important stabilizer for ice cream, confectioners, syrups and thickener for
soup and related products.

A

Red Algae

77
Q

How is the chloroplast constructed?

____________ do not stack at all; they form no grana. Chloroplast is enclosed by double membranes

A

Thylakoids

78
Q

How is the chloroplast constructed?

Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form _________. Chloroplast is enclosed by double membranes

A

no grana

79
Q

How is the chloroplast constructed?

Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form no grana. ___________ is enclosed by double membranes

A

Chloroplast

80
Q

How is the chloroplast constructed?

Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form no grana. Chloroplast is enclosed by ____________

A

double membranes

81
Q

This starch lacks the amylose unbranched portion of “starch”.

A

Floridean starch

82
Q

Simplest cell construction of unicellular red alga (no sexual reproduction; non-flagellated)

A

Porphyridium

83
Q

A multicellular red alga

A

Polysiphonia

84
Q

Female organ

A

carpogonium

85
Q

Most of the red algae in the wall of separation between adjacent cells contain communications called ______________.

A

Pit connections

86
Q

Are unique cell connections found in almost all red algae

A

Pit connections

87
Q

Can be defined as the opening in the cell wall between two cells which is filled in by a plug and a plug cap.

A

Pit connections

88
Q

Pit connections can be defined as the opening in the cell wall between two cells which is filled in by a ______ and a _________.

A

plug; cap plug

89
Q

Pit connections can form either during __________, primary pit connections, or between secondary pit connections.

A

cell division

90
Q

Pit connections can form either during cell division, ___________________, or between secondary pit connections.

A

primary pit connections

91
Q

Pit connections can form either during cell division, primary pit connections, or between ________________________.

A

secondary pit connections

92
Q

Pit connections can form either during ____________, _________________, or ___________________.

A

cell division; primary pit connections; between secondary pit connections

93
Q

Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes the __________________ and Florideophyceae

A

Bangiophyceae

94
Q

Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes: the Bangiophyceae and ___________________

A

Florideophyceae

95
Q

Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes: the __________________ and __________________.

A

Bangiophyceae; Florideophyceae

96
Q

Based on ultrastructure and molecular evidence the Bangiophyceae is now accepted as a _____________ group

A

paraphyletic

97
Q

Florideophyceae is considered to be ________________ based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)

A

monophyletic

98
Q

Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a ____________________ (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)

A

filamentous gonimoblast

99
Q

Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and ______________ (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)

A

tetraspongia

100
Q

___________________ is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)

A

Florideophyceae

101
Q

Has no flagellated stages

A

Division Rhodophyta

102
Q

Subclass Florideophycidae
-has __________________
-has complex growth forms

A

pit connections

103
Q

Subclass Florideophycidae
-has pit connections
-has __________________

A

complex growth forms

104
Q

Subclass Florideophycidae
-has ________________
-has ________________

A

pit connections; complex growth forms

105
Q

Subclass ________________
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction

A

Bangiophycidae

106
Q

Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have ________________
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction

A

unicellular forms

107
Q

Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have ________________
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction

A

uninucleated cells

108
Q

Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- ___________________
- no true sexual reproduction

A

no pit connections

109
Q

Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- ____________________

A

no true sexual reproduction

110
Q

Subclass Bangiophycidae
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________

A

have unicellular forms; have uninucleated cells; no pit connections; no true sexual reproduction

111
Q

Subclass Bangiophycidae
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________

A

have unicellular forms; have uninucleated cells; no pit connections; no true sexual reproduction

112
Q

How many genera are there in Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)?

A

450

113
Q

How many species are there in Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)?

A

7000

114
Q

Has chlorophylls a and b, carotene, xanthophyll

A

Green Algae

115
Q

The cell wall of green algae is composed __________ and _________

A

cellulose; pectins

116
Q

Some species have flagella (gametes or spores)

A

Green Algae

117
Q

Some species of Green Algae have __________ (gametes or spores)

A

flagella

118
Q

90 % of Green Algae species are found in ________________

A

freshwater habitats

119
Q

________ of Green Algae species are found in freshwater habitats

A

90%

120
Q

10 % of marine Green Algae species are predominantly __________

A

tropical

121
Q

________ of marine Green Algae species are predominantly tropical

A

10%

122
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Green Algae are morphologically diverse

A

True

123
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Pyrenoids occur in most species

A

True

124
Q

___________ occur in most species of Green Algae

A

Pyrenoids

125
Q

___________ are proteinaceous regions of the chloroplast found in algae and some bryophytes but not in higher plants.

A

Pyrenoids

126
Q

Pyrenoids are proteinaceous regions of the chloroplast found in _______ and some _________ but not in __________.

A

algae; bryophytes; higher plants

127
Q

Site for CO2 fixation, storage of starch and proteins

A

Pyrenoids

128
Q

Class ULVOPHYCEAE:

  • Occur mostly in _____________
  • Have siphonous thallus
  • Alternation of generation (sporic type) is
    common
A

marine habitat

129
Q

Class ULVOPHYCEAE:

  • Occur mostly in marine habitat
  • Have _________ thallus
  • Alternation of generation (sporic type) is
    common
A

siphonous

130
Q

Class ULVOPHYCEAE:

  • Occur mostly in marine habitat
  • Have siphonous thallus
  • ______________________ is common
A

Alternation of generation (sporic type)

131
Q

Sea lettuce

A

Ulva lactuca

132
Q

Ulva lactuca

  • Flat _______________ made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
  • Cells are siphonous; have no crosswalls or septa.
  • Thallus- plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
A

leaf -like thallus

133
Q

Ulva lactuca

  • Flat leaf-like thallus made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
  • Cells are ___________; have no crosswalls or septa.
  • Thallus- plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
A

siphonous

134
Q

Ulva lactuca

  • Flat leaf-like thallus made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
  • Cells are siphonous; have no crosswalls or septa.
  • ________ - plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
A

Thallus

135
Q

‘lato’, sea grapes

A

Caulerpa lentillifera

136
Q

non-branching filamentous green alga

A

Ulothrix

137
Q

branching filamentous alga

A

Cladophora

138
Q

mermaid’s wineglass

A

Acetabularia crenulata

139
Q

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

  • Includes ___________ (Closterium, Cosmarium),
  • filamentous (Spirogyra)
  • and plant-like (Chara)
    members
A

unicellular

140
Q

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

  • Includes unicellular (__________, ___________),
  • filamentous (Spirogyra)
  • and plant-like (Chara)
    members
A

Closterium, Cosmarium

141
Q

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

  • Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
  • _____________ (Spirogyra)
  • and plant-like (Chara)
    members
A

filamentous

142
Q

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

  • Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
  • filamentous (_____________)
  • and plant-like (Chara)
    members
A

Spirogyra

143
Q

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

  • Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
  • filamentous (Spirogyra)
  • and ____________ (Chara)
    members
A

plant-like

144
Q

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

  • Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
  • filamentous (Spirogyra)
  • and plant-like (_______)
    members
A

Chara

145
Q

________ is a single-celled alga whose cell is deeply divided by a short isthmus

A

Cosmarium

146
Q

Cosmarium is a single-celled alga whose cell is deeply divided by a short __________

A

isthmus

147
Q

__________ cells are elongated usually crescent-shaped and rarely straight. Some are quite straight and needle-like, while
others are much broader with
curved ends.

A

Closterium

148
Q

__________ moves in a somersaulting motion by secreting mucilage from alternating ends of the cell

A

Closterium

149
Q

Closterium moves in a somersaulting motion by secreting ________ from alternating ends of the cell

A

mucilage

150
Q

Closterium moves in a ________________ by secreting mucilage from alternating ends of the cell

A

somersaulting motion

151
Q

The __________ is located in the center of the cell between the chloroplasts.

A

nucleus

152
Q

Found in ponds, pools, and lakes. Commonly
called aquatic horsetail

A

Chara

153
Q

Chara are found in ponds, pools, and lakes, and are commonly called __________

A

aquatic horsetail

154
Q

Contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis (photoautotrophic)

A

Unicellular Alga

155
Q

Wherein accessory pigments help absorb light, giving algae a variety of colors

A

Unicellular Alga

156
Q

The chloroplast often turns red due to pigment _________ when conditions
become unfavorable.

A

astaxanthin

157
Q

Volvox forms a ________ colony

A

spherical

158
Q

A member of the carotenoid family, is a dark-red pigment which is the main carotenoid found in the marine world of algae and aquatic animals.

A

Astaxanthin

159
Q

Astaxanthin is commercially produced from the microalga __________, the richest known natural source for ASTAXANTHIN.

A

Haematococcus pluvialis

160
Q

Is a powerful antioxidant and can serve as a potent free-radical scavenger.

A

Astaxanthin

161
Q

has been found to provide many essential biological functions,
including protection against lipid-membrane peroxidation of
essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins, DNA damage and
UV light effects; it also plays an important role in immunological
defense.

A

Astaxanthin

162
Q

CLOROPHYTES HAVE MAJOR LIFE CYCLES:

A

SPORIC MEIOSIS
GAMETIC MEIOSIS
ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS

163
Q

Increasingly complex adult morphologies and intermediate life history

A

Sporic Meiosis

164
Q
  • Most similar to fungal life cycle
A

Zygotic Meiosis

165
Q

In ____________ the
multicellular diploid phase
undergoes meiosis and
produces gametes directly,
not spores.

A

gametic meiosis

166
Q

Similar to animal life cycle

A

gametic meiosis

bio 60 (1 decks)

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