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Radiation Biology > Chapter 4 - Acute Radiation Syndrome > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Acute Radiation Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

3 things required for ARS

A
  1. organism must have been acutely exposed (over the course of seconds or minutes)
  2. must be exposure to total body area
  3. must have externally penetrating source(s) such as x-ray, gamma ray, and/or neutrons
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2
Q

What is LD50/30 and LD50/60?

A

the lethal dose of radiation that would kill 50% of a population of an organism in either 30 days (LD50/30) or 60 days (LD50/60)

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3
Q

If you increase the dose, what happens to life expectancy?

A

life expectancy decreases

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4
Q

At a dose of 2 Gy (200 rad) death occurs _____ of the time?

A

a small percentage

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5
Q

T/F: Survival time is not dose dependent between 1,000 R and 10,000 R.

A

true

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6
Q

Survival times are dose dependent at an exposure of _______ Gy or above, lasting hours or minutes.

A

100 Gy (10,000 rad)

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7
Q

Death as a result to damage to the hemopoietic system happens during what exposure range?

A

1 - 10 Gy

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8
Q

Death as a result to damage to the GI system happens during what exposure range?

A

6 - 100 Gy

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9
Q

Death as a result to damage to the CNS happens during what exposure range?

A

100 Gy or more

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10
Q

What are the 4 ARS response stages?

A
  1. Prodromal
  2. Latent
  3. Manifest illness
  4. Recovery or death
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of the first stage of ARS?

A

Prodromal: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of the second stage of ARS?

A

Latent: symptom free; however changes are taking place that will either lead to recovery or death

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of the third stage of ARS?

A

Manifest Illness: symptoms are dependent on which organ system is affected

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of the fourth stage of ARS?

A

There are no symptoms. Either the organism recovers or dies from radiation

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15
Q

What is the cause of death with the Bone Marrow Syndrome? What is the exposure range?

A
  1. reduction of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

2. 1 - 10 Gy

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of the manifest stage of Bone Marrow Syndrome?

A

cytopenia (depression of all blood counts) leads to anemia and infection

17
Q

What is the cause of death with the Gastrointestinal Syndrome? What is the exposure range?

A
  1. infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance

2. 6 - 100 Gy

18
Q

Irradiation of what radiosensitive GI cell causes villi to lose cells and flatten out?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (precursor cells to villi)

19
Q

What is the cause of death with the CNS Syndrome? What is the exposure range?

A
  1. cause of death is uncertain

2. 100 Gy + (50 Gy in humans)

20
Q

Possible causes of death with CNS Syndrome are:

A

edema in the cranial vault, vasculitis, and meningitis. All can cause increased pressure in the cranial vault

21
Q

What is the expected life expectancy of CNS Syndrome?

A

few hours to a few days

22
Q

Early radiation effects on the skin include:

A

erythema, desquamation, and inflammation

23
Q

Basal skin cells eventually replace sloughed off outer layers. At what rate are skin cells replaced?

A

2% per day

24
Q

What is Skin Erythema Dose (SED)?

A

before radiation measurement units, SED was used to measure dose to skin

25
Q

What does SED50 mean and what is its value?

A

the amount of dose to the skin that would have an effect on 50% of the population. ~6 Gy

26
Q

Which is more radioresistant: fair follicles or sebaceous glands?

A

sebaceous glands. hair follicles are radiosensitive because they are actively dividing

27
Q

What is radiation cataractogenesis?

A

the formation of cataracts caused by radiation

28
Q

What is the threshold for cataractogensis? At what dose will all irradiated people get it?

A
  1. 2 Gy

2. 7+ Gy

29
Q

Doses as low as _____ Gy to the gonads cause observable responses,

A

0.1 Gy

30
Q

Define maturation depletion.

A

depletion of mature sperm due to exposure to radiation

31
Q

In males, what dose range causes temporary, 1 year sterility? What causes permanent sterility?

A
  1. 2-2.5 Gy

2. 5-6 Gy

32
Q

List the stages of ova from most radioresistant to most radiosensative.

A

small follicles, mature follicles, intermediate follicles

33
Q

A dose of ____ Gy can restrain or retard menstration.

A

0.1 Gy

34
Q

In females, what dose range causes temporary sterility? What causes permanent sterility?

A
  1. 2 Gy

2. 5-6 Gy

35
Q

What is the most radiosensitive hematologic stem cell? The least radiosensitive?

A
  1. erythroblasts

2. megakaryocytes

36
Q

What is a chromosomal aberration?

A

radiation-induced chromosomal damage that occurs BEFORE DNA synthesis; before the S phase

37
Q

What is a chromatid aberration?

A

radiation-induced chromosomal damage that occurs AFTER DNA synthesis; during the S phase

Radiation Biology (2 decks)

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