Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell > Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms are made of…

A

…cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a cell?

A

the simplest collection of matter that can be alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a unicellar?

A

a single-celled multicellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The cell is the organism’s…

A

…basic unit of structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

a scientist who looked through a microscope at dead cells from the bark of an oak tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who is Mthias Schleiden?

A

a botanist who observed cells in all the plant tissues he studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a botanist?

A

a scientist that studies plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A

a scientist that made lenses that enabled him to visualize living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Whos is Theodore Schwann?

A

a zoologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a zoologist?

A

a scientist that studies animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are animalcules?

A

organisms visualized by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is Rudolf Virchow?

A

a physician who observed that living cells can only come from other living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

visible light passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

a.) all living things are made of one or more cell
b.) the cell is the smallest unit of life
c.) all new cells come from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 important parameters of microscopy?

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is magnification?

A

the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is resolution?

A

the measure of the clarity of the image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is contrast?

A

the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are organelles?

A

membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are electron microscopes?

A

microscopes that focus a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an SEM?

A

scanning electron microscope; an electron beam that scans the surface of the sample. the surface of the specimen appears 3-D; preparation kills the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a TEM?

A

transmission electron microscope; a microscope used to study internal structures of cells; 2-D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Through light microscopes…

A

…living cells can be studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Electron microscopy methods used to stain the specimen…

A

…kill the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cell structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

the study of chemical processes (metabolism) of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inflammation can lead to…

A

…malignity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bright field (unstained specimen)

A

image has little contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bright field (stained specimen)

A

the dye enhances the contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a phase-contrast?

A

the variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is differential-interference contrast?

A

the optical modifications that are used to exaggerate differences in density; image almost appears in 3D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is fluorescence?

A

the locations of specific molecules in the cell that can be revealed by labeling the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Confocal

A

using a laser this “optical sectioning technique” eliminates out-of-focus light from a thick sample, creating a single plane of fluorescence in the image

34
Q

Bright field (unstained and stained specimen), phase-contrast, differential-interference contrast, fluorescence, and confocal are all examples of what?

A

light microscopy

35
Q

Electron micrographs are black and white but…

A

are often artificially colorized

36
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

broken-up cells that are placed in a tube that is spun in a centrifuge

37
Q

What is the first step in cell fractionation?

A

the largest cell component settles at the bottom of the tube forming a pellet

38
Q

What is the second step in cell fractionation?

A

the liquid above the pellet is poured into a new tube and centrifuged again

39
Q

What is the last step in cell fractionation?

A

the process is repeated several times resulting in a series of pellets that consist of nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplast, pieces of membrane, and ribosomes

40
Q

Prokaryotic cells…

A

have no well organized nucleus, a circular DNA, and no membrane bound organelles

41
Q

Eukaryotic cells…

A

have a well organized nucleus, linear DNA, and membrane bound organelles

42
Q

Archaeal and Bacterial cells are…

A

…prokaryotic

43
Q

Members from the domain Eukarya are made from…

A

….eukaryotic cells

44
Q

All cells have…

A

…plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes

45
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

when the DNA is inside the nucleus

46
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

when the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid

47
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane (the space inside the plasma)

48
Q

What is cytosol?

A

the liquid within the cytoplasm, organelles are suspended on it

49
Q

Some prokaryotes contain…

A

…regions surrounded by proteins within which specific reactions take place

50
Q

Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than…

A

…prokaryotic cells

51
Q

The size is…

A

…the general feature of cell structure that relates to function

52
Q

Carrying out metabolism…

A

…sets limits on cell size

53
Q

What are mycoplasmas?

A

the smallest known bacteria with enough DNA to program metabolism and enough enzymes and other equipment to carry out the activities necessary for a cell to sustain itself and reproduce

54
Q

Metabolic requirements also impose…

A

…theoretical upper limits on the size that is practical for a single cell

55
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell

56
Q

what is the surface area to volume ratio?

A

sa/v

57
Q

What are microvilli?

A

the projections that intestinal cells have from their surface. They increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume.

58
Q

The cell’s compartments provide different local environments that support specific metabolic functions…

A

…so incompatible processes can go on simultaneously inside a single cell

59
Q

Plasma membrane and organelle membranes also participate directly in the cell’s metabolism because…

A

…many enzymes are built right into the membranes

60
Q

What is the thickest protein?

A

the cytoskeleton

61
Q

What is the basic fabric of most biological membranes?

A

a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids

62
Q

What is embedded/attached in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

diverse proteins

63
Q

Each type of membrane has a unique composition of…

A

…lipids and proteins suited to that membrane’s specific functions

64
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cell

65
Q

What is the fluid inside the nucleus called?

A

nucleoplasm

66
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

it encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm

67
Q

What are the two membranes?

A

the inner and outer membrane

68
Q

At the lip of each pore…

A

…the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are continuous

69
Q

What is a pore complex?

A

the protein structure that lines each pore and regulates the entry and exit of proteins, RNA’s, and large complexes of macromolecules

70
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. It lines the nuclear side.

71
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

units in which DNA is organized so they carry the genetic information

72
Q

Each chromosome contains…

A

…one DNA molecule reducing its length and allowing it to fit into the nucleus

73
Q

What is chromatin?

A

a complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

74
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal RNA that is synthesized from instructions of the DNA

75
Q

mRNA is transported to…

A

…the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores

76
Q

What is proliferation?

A

increasing units

77
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

they carry out protein synthesis

78
Q

Cells with high rates of protein synthesis…

A

…have large numbers of ribosomes as well as prominent nucleoli

79
Q

A pancreas cell makes…

A

…many digestive enzymes so it has a few millions of ribosomes

80
Q

Most proteins made on free ribosomes function within…

A

…the cytosol

81
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

it includes the nuclear envelope, the 7 endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions