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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell > Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms are made of…

A

…cells

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

the simplest collection of matter that can be alive

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3
Q

What is a unicellar?

A

a single-celled multicellar

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4
Q

The cell is the organism’s…

A

…basic unit of structure and function

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5
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

a scientist who looked through a microscope at dead cells from the bark of an oak tree

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6
Q

Who is Mthias Schleiden?

A

a botanist who observed cells in all the plant tissues he studied

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7
Q

What is a botanist?

A

a scientist that studies plants

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8
Q

Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A

a scientist that made lenses that enabled him to visualize living cells

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9
Q

Whos is Theodore Schwann?

A

a zoologist

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10
Q

What is a zoologist?

A

a scientist that studies animals

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11
Q

What are animalcules?

A

organisms visualized by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

Who is Rudolf Virchow?

A

a physician who observed that living cells can only come from other living cells

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13
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

visible light passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses

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14
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

a.) all living things are made of one or more cell
b.) the cell is the smallest unit of life
c.) all new cells come from pre-existing cells

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15
Q

What are the 3 important parameters of microscopy?

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

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16
Q

What is magnification?

A

the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

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17
Q

What is resolution?

A

the measure of the clarity of the image

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18
Q

What is contrast?

A

the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image

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19
Q

What are organelles?

A

membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

What are electron microscopes?

A

microscopes that focus a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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21
Q

What is an SEM?

A

scanning electron microscope; an electron beam that scans the surface of the sample. the surface of the specimen appears 3-D; preparation kills the specimen

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22
Q

What is a TEM?

A

transmission electron microscope; a microscope used to study internal structures of cells; 2-D image

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23
Q

Through light microscopes…

A

…living cells can be studied

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24
Q

Electron microscopy methods used to stain the specimen…

A

…kill the cells

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25
What is cytology?
the study of cell structure
26
What is biochemistry?
the study of chemical processes (metabolism) of cells
27
Inflammation can lead to...
...malignity
28
Bright field (unstained specimen)
image has little contrast
29
Bright field (stained specimen)
the dye enhances the contrast
30
What is a phase-contrast?
the variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells
31
What is differential-interference contrast?
the optical modifications that are used to exaggerate differences in density; image almost appears in 3D
32
What is fluorescence?
the locations of specific molecules in the cell that can be revealed by labeling the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies
33
Confocal
using a laser this "optical sectioning technique" eliminates out-of-focus light from a thick sample, creating a single plane of fluorescence in the image
34
Bright field (unstained and stained specimen), phase-contrast, differential-interference contrast, fluorescence, and confocal are all examples of what?
light microscopy
35
Electron micrographs are black and white but...
are often artificially colorized
36
What is cell fractionation?
broken-up cells that are placed in a tube that is spun in a centrifuge
37
What is the first step in cell fractionation?
the largest cell component settles at the bottom of the tube forming a pellet
38
What is the second step in cell fractionation?
the liquid above the pellet is poured into a new tube and centrifuged again
39
What is the last step in cell fractionation?
the process is repeated several times resulting in a series of pellets that consist of nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplast, pieces of membrane, and ribosomes
40
Prokaryotic cells...
have no well organized nucleus, a circular DNA, and no membrane bound organelles
41
Eukaryotic cells...
have a well organized nucleus, linear DNA, and membrane bound organelles
42
Archaeal and Bacterial cells are...
...prokaryotic
43
Members from the domain Eukarya are made from...
....eukaryotic cells
44
All cells have...
...plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
45
What is a eukaryotic cell?
when the DNA is inside the nucleus
46
What is a prokaryotic cell?
when the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid
47
What is a cytoplasm?
the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane (the space inside the plasma)
48
What is cytosol?
the liquid within the cytoplasm, organelles are suspended on it
49
Some prokaryotes contain...
...regions surrounded by proteins within which specific reactions take place
50
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than...
...prokaryotic cells
51
The size is...
...the general feature of cell structure that relates to function
52
Carrying out metabolism...
...sets limits on cell size
53
What are mycoplasmas?
the smallest known bacteria with enough DNA to program metabolism and enough enzymes and other equipment to carry out the activities necessary for a cell to sustain itself and reproduce
54
Metabolic requirements also impose...
...theoretical upper limits on the size that is practical for a single cell
55
What is the plasma membrane?
a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
56
what is the surface area to volume ratio?
sa/v
57
What are microvilli?
the projections that intestinal cells have from their surface. They increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume.
58
The cell's compartments provide different local environments that support specific metabolic functions...
...so incompatible processes can go on simultaneously inside a single cell
59
Plasma membrane and organelle membranes also participate directly in the cell's metabolism because...
...many enzymes are built right into the membranes
60
What is the thickest protein?
the cytoskeleton
61
What is the basic fabric of most biological membranes?
a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids
62
What is embedded/attached in the phospholipid bilayer?
diverse proteins
63
Each type of membrane has a unique composition of...
...lipids and proteins suited to that membrane's specific functions
64
What is the nucleus?
contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cell
65
What is the fluid inside the nucleus called?
nucleoplasm
66
What is the nuclear envelope?
it encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm
67
What are the two membranes?
the inner and outer membrane
68
At the lip of each pore...
...the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are continuous
69
What is a pore complex?
the protein structure that lines each pore and regulates the entry and exit of proteins, RNA's, and large complexes of macromolecules
70
What is the nuclear lamina?
a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. It lines the nuclear side.
71
What are chromosomes?
units in which DNA is organized so they carry the genetic information
72
Each chromosome contains...
...one DNA molecule reducing its length and allowing it to fit into the nucleus
73
What is chromatin?
a complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes
74
What is the nucleolus?
ribosomal RNA that is synthesized from instructions of the DNA
75
mRNA is transported to...
...the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores
76
What is proliferation?
increasing units
77
What are ribosomes?
they carry out protein synthesis
78
Cells with high rates of protein synthesis...
...have large numbers of ribosomes as well as prominent nucleoli
79
A pancreas cell makes...
...many digestive enzymes so it has a few millions of ribosomes
80
Most proteins made on free ribosomes function within...
...the cytosol
81
What is the endomembrane system?
it includes the nuclear envelope, the 7 endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell (1 decks)

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