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BIO 260 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryote

A

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope

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2
Q

eukaryote

A

A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

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3
Q

binary fission

A

Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

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4
Q

coccus

A

A spherical or ovoid bacterium (plural cocci)

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5
Q

bacillus

A

Any rod-shaped bacterium (2) When written as a genus (Bacillus) refers to rod-shaped, endospore-forming facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria (plural bacilli)

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6
Q

spiral

A

A corkscrew-shaped bacterium with axial filaments

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7
Q

diplococci (singular: diplococcus)

A

Cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs

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8
Q

streptococci (singular: streptococcus)

A

(1) Cocci that remain attached in chains after cell division. (2) When written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria

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9
Q

tetrad

A

A group of four cocci

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10
Q

sarcina (plural: sarcinae)

A

(1) A group of eight bacteria that remain in a packet after dividing. (2) When written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, anaerobic cocci

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11
Q

staphylococci (singular: staphylococcus)

A

Cocci in a grapelike cluster or broad sheet

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12
Q

diplobacilli (singular: diplobacillus)

A

Rods that divide and remain attached in pairs

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13
Q

streptobacilli (singular: streptobacillus)

A

Rods that remain attached in chains after cell division

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14
Q

coccobacillus (plural: coccobacilli)

A

A bacterium that is an oval rod

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15
Q

spirillum (plural: spirilla)

A

(1) A helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium. (2) When written as a genus, refers to aerobic, helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella

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16
Q

vibrio

A

(1) A curved or comma-shaped bacterium. (2) When written as a genus (Vibrio), a gram-negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic curved rod

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17
Q

spirochete

A

A corkscrew-shaped bacterium with axial filaments

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18
Q

monomorphic

A

Having a single shape; most bacteria always present with a genetically determined shape

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19
Q

pleomorphic

A

Having many shapes, characteristic of certain bacteria

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20
Q

glycocalyx

A

A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell

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21
Q

capsule

A

An outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide

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22
Q

slime layer

A

A glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

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23
Q

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

A

A glycocalyx that permits bacteria to attach to various surfaces

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24
Q

flagellum (plural: flagella)

A

A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9 + 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells

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25
atrichous
bacteria that lack flagella
26
peritrichous
Having flagella distributed over the entire cell
27
polar flagella
Having flagella at one or both ends of a cell
28
monotrichous
Having a single flagellum
29
lophotrichous
Having two or more flagella at one end of a cell
30
amphitrichous
Having flagella at both ends of a cell
31
motility
The ability of an organism to move by itself
32
taxis
Movement in response to an environmental stimulus
33
chemotaxis
Movement in response to the presence of a chemical
34
phototaxis
Movement in response to the presence of light
35
H antigen
Flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing
36
serovar
A variation within a species; also called serotype
37
axial filaments or endoflagella
The structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum
38
fimbria (plural: fimbriae)
An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment
39
pilus (plural: pili)
An appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and gliding motility
40
cell wall
The outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells; in bacteria, it consists of peptidoglycan
41
peptidoglycan
The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain
42
polypeptides
(1) A chain of amino acids. (2) A group of antibiotics
43
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls
44
porins
A type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules
45
lipid A
A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin
46
mycolic acid
Long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of the genus Mycobacterium
47
protoplast
A gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall
48
L form
Prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state
49
spheroplast
A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell
50
osmotic lysis
Rupture of the plasma membrane resulting from movement of water into the cell
51
plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane
The selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; the outer layer in animal cells, internal to the cell wall in other organisms
52
fluid mosaic model
A way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane
53
selective permeability
The property of a plasma membrane to allow certain molecules and ions to move through the membrane while restricting others
54
chromatophore
An infolding in the plasma membrane where bacterio-chlorophyll is located in photoautotrophic bacteria; also known as thylakoids
55
mesosomes
An irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is in artifact of preparation for microscopy
56
facilitated diffusion
The movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, mediated by transporter proteins
57
osmosis
The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
58
osmotic pressure
The force with which a solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration
59
isotonic solution
A solution in which, after immersion of a cell, osmotic pressure is equal across the cell's membrane
60
hypotonic solution
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes that an isotonic solution
61
hypertonic solution
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution
62
active transport
Net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expend energy
63
group translocation
In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane
64
cytoplasm
In a prokaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane; in a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus
65
cytoskeleton
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provide support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm
66
nucleoid
The region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome
67
plasmid
A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
68
ribosome
The site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein
69
inclusion
Material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits
70
metachromatic granule
A granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dyes; characteristic of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Collectively known as volutin
71
volutin
Stored inorganic phosphate in a prokaryotic cell. See also metachromatic granule
72
gas vacuole
A prokaryotic inclusion for buoyancy compensation
73
magnetosome
An iron oxide inclusion, produced by some gram-negative bacteria, that acts like a magnet
74
endospore
A resting structure formed inside some bacteria
75
sporulation or sporogenesis
The process of spore and endospore formation; also called sporogenesis
76
germination
The process of starting to grow from a spore or endospore
77
cilium (plural: cilia)
A relatively short cellular projection from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules. See flagellum
78
microtubules
A hollow tube made of the protein tubulin; the structural unit of eukaryotic flagella and centrioles
79
glycocalyx
A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell
80
endocytosis
The process by which material is moved into a eukaryotic cell
81
cytosol
The fluid portion of cytoplasm
82
cytoplasmic streaming
The movement of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell
83
organelle
A membrane-enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells
84
nucleus
The part of a eykaryotic cell that contains the genetic material
85
nuclear envelope
The double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell
86
nuclear pore
An opening in the nuclear envelope through which materials enter and exit the nucleus
87
nucleolus (plural: nucleoli)
An area in a eukaryotic nucleus where rRNA is synthesized
88
histone
A protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes
89
chromatin
Threadlike, uncondensed DNA in an interphase eukaryotic cell
90
chromosome
The structure that carries hereditary information, chromosomes contain genes
91
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A membranous network in eukaryotic cells connecting the plasma membrane with the nuclear membrane
92
cistern (plural: cisternae)
A flattened membranous sac in endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex
93
rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its surface
94
smooth ER
Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes
95
Golgi complex
An organelle involved in the secretion of certain proteins
96
transport vesicle
Membrane-bound sacs that move proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi complex
97
transfer vesicles
Membrane-bound sacs that move proteins from the Golgi complex to specific areas in the cell
98
secretory vesicles
A membrane-enclosed sac produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); transports synthesized material into cytoplasm
99
storage vesicles
Organelles that form from the Golgi complex; contain proteins made in the rough ER and processed in the Golgi complex
100
mitochondria
An organelle containing Krebs cycle enzymes and the electron transport chain
101
crista (plural: cristae)
Folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
102
matrix
Fluid in mitochondria
103
chloroplast
The organelle that performs photosynthesis in photoautotrophic eukaryotes
104
thylakoids
A chlorophyll-containing membrane in a chloroplast. A bacterial thylakoid is also known as a chromatophore
105
granum (plural: grana)
Stack of thylakoid membrane
106
peroxisomes
Organelle that oxidizes amino acids. fatty acids, and alcohol
107
centrosome
Region in a eukaryotic cell consisting of a pericentriolar area (protein fibers) and a pair of centrioles; involved in formation of the mitotic spindle
108
endosymbiotic theory
A model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote.

BIO 260 (2 decks)

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