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BIO 260 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote

A

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope

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2
Q

eukaryote

A

A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

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3
Q

binary fission

A

Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

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4
Q

coccus

A

A spherical or ovoid bacterium (plural cocci)

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5
Q

bacillus

A

Any rod-shaped bacterium (2) When written as a genus (Bacillus) refers to rod-shaped, endospore-forming facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria (plural bacilli)

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6
Q

spiral

A

A corkscrew-shaped bacterium with axial filaments

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7
Q

diplococci (singular: diplococcus)

A

Cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs

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8
Q

streptococci (singular: streptococcus)

A

(1) Cocci that remain attached in chains after cell division. (2) When written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria

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9
Q

tetrad

A

A group of four cocci

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10
Q

sarcina (plural: sarcinae)

A

(1) A group of eight bacteria that remain in a packet after dividing. (2) When written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, anaerobic cocci

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11
Q

staphylococci (singular: staphylococcus)

A

Cocci in a grapelike cluster or broad sheet

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12
Q

diplobacilli (singular: diplobacillus)

A

Rods that divide and remain attached in pairs

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13
Q

streptobacilli (singular: streptobacillus)

A

Rods that remain attached in chains after cell division

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14
Q

coccobacillus (plural: coccobacilli)

A

A bacterium that is an oval rod

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15
Q

spirillum (plural: spirilla)

A

(1) A helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium. (2) When written as a genus, refers to aerobic, helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella

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16
Q

vibrio

A

(1) A curved or comma-shaped bacterium. (2) When written as a genus (Vibrio), a gram-negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic curved rod

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17
Q

spirochete

A

A corkscrew-shaped bacterium with axial filaments

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18
Q

monomorphic

A

Having a single shape; most bacteria always present with a genetically determined shape

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19
Q

pleomorphic

A

Having many shapes, characteristic of certain bacteria

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20
Q

glycocalyx

A

A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell

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21
Q

capsule

A

An outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide

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22
Q

slime layer

A

A glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

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23
Q

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

A

A glycocalyx that permits bacteria to attach to various surfaces

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24
Q

flagellum (plural: flagella)

A

A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9 + 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

atrichous

A

bacteria that lack flagella

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26
Q

peritrichous

A

Having flagella distributed over the entire cell

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27
Q

polar flagella

A

Having flagella at one or both ends of a cell

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28
Q

monotrichous

A

Having a single flagellum

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29
Q

lophotrichous

A

Having two or more flagella at one end of a cell

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30
Q

amphitrichous

A

Having flagella at both ends of a cell

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31
Q

motility

A

The ability of an organism to move by itself

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32
Q

taxis

A

Movement in response to an environmental stimulus

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33
Q

chemotaxis

A

Movement in response to the presence of a chemical

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34
Q

phototaxis

A

Movement in response to the presence of light

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35
Q

H antigen

A

Flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing

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36
Q

serovar

A

A variation within a species; also called serotype

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37
Q

axial filaments or endoflagella

A

The structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum

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38
Q

fimbria (plural: fimbriae)

A

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

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39
Q

pilus (plural: pili)

A

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and gliding motility

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40
Q

cell wall

A

The outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells; in bacteria, it consists of peptidoglycan

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41
Q

peptidoglycan

A

The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain

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42
Q

polypeptides

A

(1) A chain of amino acids. (2) A group of antibiotics

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43
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

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44
Q

porins

A

A type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules

45
Q

lipid A

A

A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin

46
Q

mycolic acid

A

Long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of the genus Mycobacterium

47
Q

protoplast

A

A gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall

48
Q

L form

A

Prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state

49
Q

spheroplast

A

A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell

50
Q

osmotic lysis

A

Rupture of the plasma membrane resulting from movement of water into the cell

51
Q

plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane

A

The selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; the outer layer in animal cells, internal to the cell wall in other organisms

52
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

A way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

53
Q

selective permeability

A

The property of a plasma membrane to allow certain molecules and ions to move through the membrane while restricting others

54
Q

chromatophore

A

An infolding in the plasma membrane where bacterio-chlorophyll is located in photoautotrophic bacteria; also known as thylakoids

55
Q

mesosomes

A

An irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is in artifact of preparation for microscopy

56
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, mediated by transporter proteins

57
Q

osmosis

A

The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

58
Q

osmotic pressure

A

The force with which a solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration

59
Q

isotonic solution

A

A solution in which, after immersion of a cell, osmotic pressure is equal across the cell’s membrane

60
Q

hypotonic solution

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes that an isotonic solution

61
Q

hypertonic solution

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution

62
Q

active transport

A

Net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expend energy

63
Q

group translocation

A

In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

64
Q

cytoplasm

A

In a prokaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane; in a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus

65
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provide support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm

66
Q

nucleoid

A

The region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome

67
Q

plasmid

A

A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

68
Q

ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein

69
Q

inclusion

A

Material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits

70
Q

metachromatic granule

A

A granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dyes; characteristic of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Collectively known as volutin

71
Q

volutin

A

Stored inorganic phosphate in a prokaryotic cell. See also metachromatic granule

72
Q

gas vacuole

A

A prokaryotic inclusion for buoyancy compensation

73
Q

magnetosome

A

An iron oxide inclusion, produced by some gram-negative bacteria, that acts like a magnet

74
Q

endospore

A

A resting structure formed inside some bacteria

75
Q

sporulation or sporogenesis

A

The process of spore and endospore formation; also called sporogenesis

76
Q

germination

A

The process of starting to grow from a spore or endospore

77
Q

cilium (plural: cilia)

A

A relatively short cellular projection from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules. See flagellum

78
Q

microtubules

A

A hollow tube made of the protein tubulin; the structural unit of eukaryotic flagella and centrioles

79
Q

glycocalyx

A

A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell

80
Q

endocytosis

A

The process by which material is moved into a eukaryotic cell

81
Q

cytosol

A

The fluid portion of cytoplasm

82
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

The movement of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell

83
Q

organelle

A

A membrane-enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells

84
Q

nucleus

A

The part of a eykaryotic cell that contains the genetic material

85
Q

nuclear envelope

A

The double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell

86
Q

nuclear pore

A

An opening in the nuclear envelope through which materials enter and exit the nucleus

87
Q

nucleolus (plural: nucleoli)

A

An area in a eukaryotic nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

88
Q

histone

A

A protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

89
Q

chromatin

A

Threadlike, uncondensed DNA in an interphase eukaryotic cell

90
Q

chromosome

A

The structure that carries hereditary information, chromosomes contain genes

91
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A membranous network in eukaryotic cells connecting the plasma membrane with the nuclear membrane

92
Q

cistern (plural: cisternae)

A

A flattened membranous sac in endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex

93
Q

rough ER

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its surface

94
Q

smooth ER

A

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes

95
Q

Golgi complex

A

An organelle involved in the secretion of certain proteins

96
Q

transport vesicle

A

Membrane-bound sacs that move proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi complex

97
Q

transfer vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs that move proteins from the Golgi complex to specific areas in the cell

98
Q

secretory vesicles

A

A membrane-enclosed sac produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); transports synthesized material into cytoplasm

99
Q

storage vesicles

A

Organelles that form from the Golgi complex; contain proteins made in the rough ER and processed in the Golgi complex

100
Q

mitochondria

A

An organelle containing Krebs cycle enzymes and the electron transport chain

101
Q

crista (plural: cristae)

A

Folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

102
Q

matrix

A

Fluid in mitochondria

103
Q

chloroplast

A

The organelle that performs photosynthesis in photoautotrophic eukaryotes

104
Q

thylakoids

A

A chlorophyll-containing membrane in a chloroplast. A bacterial thylakoid is also known as a chromatophore

105
Q

granum (plural: grana)

A

Stack of thylakoid membrane

106
Q

peroxisomes

A

Organelle that oxidizes amino acids. fatty acids, and alcohol

107
Q

centrosome

A

Region in a eukaryotic cell consisting of a pericentriolar area (protein fibers) and a pair of centrioles; involved in formation of the mitotic spindle

108
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

A model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote.

BIO 260 (2 decks)

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