Chapter 4

Question 1

What are Pectins

Answer 1

Very diverse group of branched hydrophilic Polysaccharides

Question 2

What is the plant cell protoplast?

Answer 2

Everything enclosed by the plasma membrane

Question 3

What are the two defined areas within the protoplast

Answer 3

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Question 4

What are two universal functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 4

1. Mediate transport of substances in/out of the cell

2. Transduces hormonal and environmental signals

Question 5

What are two plant cell specific functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 5

1. Coordinates synthesis and assembly of cell wall

2.

Question 6

What are Plasmodesmata?

Answer 6

Narrow cytoplasmic channel connecting adjacent plant cells

Creates a physically continuous plasma membrane

Question 7

What is the endomembrane system of a plant cell?

Answer 7

Connects to every organelle and connects every adjacent plant cell within a symplasm

Question 8

Where does oil accumulate in the endomembrane system? What protein is associated?

Answer 8

Between the two lipid mono layers of the ER and bud to form oil bodies. Oleosin

Question 9

Rough ER

Answer 9

Protein synthesis- sucrose synthase and cellulose enzymes

Question 10

Golgi

Answer 10

Carbohydrate synthesis-Sucrose. Protein Glycosylation

Question 11

Plasma Membrane

Answer 11

Cellulose and Callose synthesis

Question 12

What is the proposed mechanism of wax biosynthesis to produce the cuticle?

Answer 12

Fatty acid precursors are transported to the cell wall from the smooth ER to the plasma membrane
Flippase transfers FAs to outer mono layer

Question 13

What is the plant cell vacuole?

Answer 13

Fluid filled compartments enclosed by a single membrane
Can occupy 30-90% of the cell volume
Short and long term storage

Question 14

What are Plastids?

Answer 14

Semi-autonomous organelles

Inheritance is species specific

Question 15

What are proplastids?

Answer 15

Small colorless plastids in undifferentiated meristematic tissue
Double membrane, thylakoids, and starch accumulation

Question 16

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 16

Sites of photosynthesis
Nucleoid - chloroplast chromosome
Pigments- chlorophyll and carotenoid

Question 17

What are Plastid Stromules

Answer 17

Connection between plastids
Plastid symplast network
Swap proteins and other compounds

Question 18

What are etioplasts?

Answer 18

Develop from proplastids in the absence of light

Accumulate a paracrystaline prolamellar body made of membrane lipids the chlorophyll precursor

Question 19

What are chromoplasts?

Answer 19

Found in dark grown seedlings
Poised to make a chloroplast
Prolamellar body
Store carotenoids

Question 20

What are amyloplasts?

Answer 20

Starch storage

Question 21

What is a Leucoplast?

Answer 21

Colorless plastids

Productive and storage of organic compounds- volatile compounds produced by trichomes, nectaires, and secretory cavities

Question 22

What are Gerontoplasts?

Answer 22

Plastids in senescing tissues

Often resemble chromoplasts and accumulate carotenoids

Question 23

What are Peroxisomes?

Answer 23

Micro bodies
Green leaves -removes of H2O2 and Glycolic acid metabolism associated with photorespiration
Endosperm of Cotyledons - converts fats to usable carbohydrates in germinating seeds

Question 24

What are the functions of the cell wall?

Answer 24

Environmental interface
Cell-cell recognition 
Apoplastic transfer
Defense
Signaling and communication