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Astronomy Pt. 1 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

great informant by apparatus to father/refine light

1
Q

electromagnetic radiation (EM)

A

wavelength, photon, infrared (IR), light, ultraviolet (UV), S-ray, gamma ray, atmospheric window

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2
Q

spectrum

A

spectrograph, ROY-G-BIV

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3
Q

telescope

A

optical, radio, intererometer, refracting, reflecting (Cassegrain), primary lens, primary mirror, prime focus, eye piece

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4
Q

power

A

light-gathering, resolving, magnifying, focal length, diffraction fringe, seeing, adaptive optics, sidereal tracking, photometer, change-coupled device (CCD)

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5
Q

geocentric universe model

A

Aristotle/Ptolemy (Greeks) “perfect” 55 spheres turing at different rates
Plato, philosopher, perfect motion (constant speed, perfect circles) uniform circular motion

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6
Q

Aristotle

A

student of Plato, philosopher

believed the heavens are perfect (circle/sphere) as first principle

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7
Q

first principle

A

natural phenomena appear obvious, explained with no further examination needed

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8
Q

Ptolemy

A

follower of Aristotle, mathematician
published 140 CE geometry model planets move in epicycle around a larger called the deferent solves planet big problem of retrograde motion

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9
Q

heliocentric universe model

A

Copernicus hypothesis
Sun-centered scientific revolution
adoption of new paradigm

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10
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Tycho’s supernova seen in ‘unchanging starry sphere’ still of Aristotle’s view naked eye not see parallax

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11
Q

parallax

A

apparent motion of an object because of the motion of the observer

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12
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Tycho’s assistant, 1606 figured Mars orbit is elliptical

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13
Q

elliptical

A

closed curve about two foci

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14
Q

Kepler laws

A

planet motion, empirical

  1. planet orbits are ellipses with the Sun at one foci
  2. line from planet to the Sun sweeps over equal areas in equal periods of time
  3. planet’s orbital period squared in proportional to its average distance from Sun cubed
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15
Q

empirical

A

described on observation only, without account for why occur

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16
Q

semi-major axis (a)

A

is half the longest diameter of ellipse

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17
Q

eccentricity (e)

A

is half the distance between the foci divided by the semi-major axis (1=long, 0=circular)

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18
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

used telescope lenses recreated in his workshop
moon not perfect (mountains that he calculated height of by shadows and imperfect ‘planet’)
later observed Venus go through complete set of Moon-like phases (confirmed by Copernican vs. Ptolemaic)

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19
Q

hypothesis

A

claim of guess that can be tested against reality wit observation and experimentation

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20
Q

theory

A

system of rules and principles applicable to many situations

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21
Q

law

A

many tests, refinements and confirmations such that great confidence as fundamental principle

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22
Q

speed

A

rate of movement (position change) is total distance moved divided by total time taken

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23
Q

velocity

A

is the speed and direction of an object (can change with change of speed and/or direction)

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24
Q

acceleration

A

rate of change of velocity with time, or turning (slowing is negative of deceleration)

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25
Q

Isaac Newton

A

studied math, physics, physical phenomena (light, gravity, etc.) developed math solutions

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26
Q

Newton’s three Laws of Motion

A

general laws that govern all bodies under action of external force

  1. body continues at rest, or in a uniform motion in straight like, unless acted upon by some force
  2. body’s change of motion is proportional to the force acting on it, and in the direction of the force
  3. body exerting force on a second body receives back an equal and opposite force from body contact
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27
Q

universal theory of gravitation

A

universal mutual gravitation

Moon in orbit

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28
Q

mass

A

matter making up an object

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29
Q

weight

A

force gravity exerts on an object, thus far from Earth have little or no force (~micro-gravity)

30
Q

inverse square relation

A

strength of effect decreases in proportion as the distance squared increases
first noticed on light then gravity

31
Q

centre of mass

A

objects orbiting each other actually revolve around a mutual point

32
Q

circular velocity

A

velocity to keep circular orbit

above atmosphere

33
Q

geosynchronous

A

eastward rotation with Earth

34
Q

closed orbit

A

returns to starting point (ellipse or circle) making a circular orbit with escape velocity (velocity to escape planet) an open orbit will not return (parabola or hyperbola)

35
Q

Earth’s tides

A

whole ocean bulge seen at coasts, by gravitational force from Moon and Sun (less so)
spring tide
neap tide

36
Q

spring tide

A

new and full Moon align with Sun to create larger/extreme range (highest/lowest) tide

37
Q

neap tide

A

smaller/milder tidal range at first and third quarter Moon

38
Q

electromagnetic (EM) radiation

A

combination of electric and magnetic waves, spreads from source

39
Q

wavelength

A

period between waves

light about 0.0005 mm

40
Q

light is a particle

A

called photon, a quantum (smallest) bundle of electromagnetic waves

41
Q

infrared (IR)

A

between 700 nm to about 1 mm

beyond range of human eyes, but felt as heat

42
Q

light is a wave phenomenon

A

the visible portion of the EM spectrum (makes colours of rainbow)

43
Q

ultraviolet (UV)

A

shorter than violet wavelength

44
Q

x-ray

A

difficult to focus because they pass through most mirrors

45
Q

gamma ray

A

higher frequency and shorter wavelength carries more energy

46
Q

atmospheric window

A

wavelengths at which our atmosphere is transparent to ‘em’ radiation ozone layer at 30 km absorbs almost all UV, water vapour absorbs IR

47
Q

speed of light

A

about 300000 km/s in space

true of all electromagnetic radiation

48
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the same phenomenon as light

49
Q

spectrograph

A

spread light out according to wavelength into a spectrum for analysis
multiple prisms for maximum spread, photographic plate for record

50
Q

nanometer (nm)

A

one-billionth of a meter (10^-9)
visible light wavelength between 400nm and 700nm
visual (indigo, violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red)

51
Q

optical telescope

A

lenses and/or mirrors are needed to gather light

52
Q

radio telescope

A

gather intensity of radio radiation (energy) from a spot in the sky

53
Q

interferometer

A

two or more telescopes combine to make diameter equal to distance between them

54
Q

refracting

A

lens gathers and bends light to concentrate it to make an image

55
Q

primary lens (objective lens)

A

is the main collecting lens (at front)

56
Q

reflecting

A

mirrors gather and bounce light to concentrate it to make an image

57
Q

primary mirror (objective mirror)

A

is the main collecting mirror (at bottom)

light continues up to focus within the prime focus cage or redirect

58
Q

secondary mirror

A

redirect light down into hole on primary to instruments is Cassegrain focus smaller telescopes can direct with mirror to eyepiece on the side is Newtonian focus

59
Q

eyepiece

A

a lens to magnify an image, a short focal length lens

60
Q

telescope power

A

main function is to make faint things brighter (diameter most important, go larger)

61
Q

light gathering power

A

diameter (light bucket), proportional to the area of t primary objective

62
Q

resolving power

A

diameter of telescope objective to reveal fine detail, eliminate diffraction fringe blur fringe caused by wave property of light, 2m objective has fringes 1/2 as large as 1m

63
Q

magnifying power

A

least important, ability to make image large

focal length of the primary divided by the focal length of eyepiece

64
Q

focal length

A

distance from a lens or mirror to the formed image

65
Q

seeing

A

condition of atmospheric turbulence that causes star twinkle, motion makes poor observing mountain location about atmosphere, avoid light pollution

66
Q

light pollution

A

light from big cities and outdoor waste illumination

67
Q

adaptive optics

A

are rapid computer controlled calculation and adjustment correcting for poor seeing
expensive, difficult compensation for distortion, partial correction

68
Q

sidereal tracking

A

nonstop movement pointing telescope at stars as Earth rotates (from a clock drive)

69
Q

photometer

A

measure brightness of individual objects, precise

70
Q

charge-coupled device (CCD)

A

image recording device and photometer, chip, million+light detectors

71
Q

array detector

A

size of postage stamp, digitized (numerical data), highly sensitive to bright and faint
can manipulate CCD camera data and create false-color images for different levels of intensity

Astronomy Pt. 1 (11 decks)

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