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kin 3050 > chapter 4-8 (TEST 2) > Flashcards

chapter 4-8 (TEST 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Exteroceptors

A

detect stimuli outside the body, provide information about the environment
Sense: pain, touch, temperature, vibrations, hearing, visions, smell, and pressure.

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2
Q

Interceptors

A

Detect stimlu from the internal viscera
Provide information about the internal environment
Sense: hunger or nausea

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3
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Located in the muscles, tendons, joints, and internal ear
Provide information regarding body position and movement changes through muscle tension, joint position, and equilibrium

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4
Q

Optic Flow

A

the perceived visual motion of objects as observer moves relative to them

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5
Q

Feedforward

A

Allows information to be sent ahead of the movement to prepare/adjust the movement in advance

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6
Q

Manual Aiming

A

involves transporting the hand to target location

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7
Q

Prehension

A

includes reach for, grasping, and manipulating an object to achieve a goal

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8
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

conducts impulses associated with pain, temperature, crude touch, and deep pressure

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9
Q

Posterior/dorsal column pathway

A

proprioception, discriminative touch, lighter pressure, and vibrations

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10
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  1. The receptor
  2. The sensory neuron
  3. The integrating center
  4. The motor neuron
  5. The effector
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11
Q

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex

A

Information is processed and an individual becomes consciously aware of the sensation itself and also exact location from which the sensation arose

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12
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

region responsible for initiating skilled voluntary movements

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13
Q

Premotor cortex

A

decisions regarding how to initiate those movements
Organizes learned coordinated movements that involve complex sequencing of decisions regarding which muscles to contract, in what order, and to what degree

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14
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

initiation and control of subconscious gross body movements

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

monitors movement by comparing the intended movement to what is actually taking place
Detects and corrects errors

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16
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory system

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17
Q

Working Memory

A

Set of interacting information-processing components that actively stores and manages information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks
Central executive, Visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop

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18
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

responsible for temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information

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19
Q

Phonological loop

A

deals with short term storage of spoken and written material

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20
Q

Central executive

A

controls the flow of information between the 2 storage systems, regulates info processing and governs attentional activities

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21
Q

Procedural Memory (Long-term)

A

retains information regarding how to perform different skills and action

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22
Q

Declarative Memory (long-term)

A

memory for facts or events
Episodic and Semantic

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23
Q

Episodic Memory

A

information about personal experiences and events that are associated with a specific time and context

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24
Q

Semantic memory

A

represents general knowledge that is developed by our experiences but not associated with time

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25
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories interfere with the retention of newly presented info that is to be remembered

26
Q

retroactive interference

A

occurs when learning something new interferes with the retention of older memories

27
Q

Retention test

A

Measures persistence of improved skill performance
After a period of no practice

28
Q

Transfer test

A

measures the degree to which a learner can adapt the practiced skill to a different performance situation

29
Q

Identical elements theory

A

transfer is based on the number of common elements that 2 skills might share

30
Q

Transfer appropriate processing theory

A

accounts for cognitive processing similarities that occur between practice conditions and performance criterion

31
Q

Hands on instruction

A

Characterized by use of verbal instructions and demonstrations to convey information to the learner as well as provision of feedback to guide skill development

32
Q

verbal cues

A

word or concise phrase that focuses the learner’s attention or prompts a movement or movement sequence

33
Q

Social cognitive Theory of Observational Learning

A

suggests that when a learner observes someone else modeling a movement the learner processes the information conveyed by the model and transforms it into a cognitive memory representation of the activity

34
Q

Hands off instruction

A

provide learners with the goal to achieve while minimizing the specific details about how to do it in order to promote the exploration of potential movement solutions

35
Q

coordination

A

the body’s ability to organize movement based on the available degrees of freedom into an efficient movement pattern to achieve a specific goal

36
Q

Control

A

manipulation of variables to meet the demands of a task

37
Q

Degrees of Freedom Problem

A

how we coordinate and control the available degrees of freedom to produce a particular movement

38
Q

Early Motor Program theories and their problems

A

For each movement made there was a separate motor program stored in memory
Problem: you would need an insane amount of storage in brain for this to be true

39
Q

Generalized Motor Program

A

Group of actions or movement patterns that can be modified for various outcomes
Invariant Features, Parameters, Schema

40
Q

Invariant Features

A

Elements of motor program that are FIXED trial to trial
Defines the foundations of the motor program
Action sequence, relative timing, relative force

41
Q

Action sequence

A

order of the steps/phases to complete the task remain the same regardless

42
Q

Relative timing

A

internal rhythm of the skill
- the proportion of time spend doing each step/phase of the task will remain the same

43
Q

Relative force

A

the tension created in each muscle throughout the movement should remain proportionate

44
Q

Parameters

A

Elements of a motor program that are more flexible trial to trial
Define the program’s execution
Overall duration, overall force, movement direction, muscle selection

45
Q

Overall duration

A

The speed of the skill performed can be varied

46
Q

Overall force

A

the overall force/amplitude of movement can be modified (weight, distance, size)

47
Q

Muscle selection

A

different limbs or muscles can be used to perform movements

48
Q

Schema

A

an abstract representation of a rule/set of rules that determine discrete movement
Develops as a result of practice
Initial conditions, response specification, sensory consequences, response outcome

49
Q

Initial conditions

A

limb/body position and environmental conditions at the start of the movement

50
Q

response specification

A

parameter information used to complete the movement in the attempt

51
Q

Sensory consequences

A

sensory information/feedback of how the movement felt in the attempt

52
Q

response outcome

A

how do the outcome of the attempt compare with the originally intended goal/outcome

53
Q

Recall schema

A

organizes the motor program that initiates and controls the desired movement

54
Q

Recognition schema

A

evaluation of current movement attempt

55
Q

Motor response schema

A

develops based on the relationship between recall and recognition schema

56
Q

Open-loop control

A
  1. command center generates action plan with info to carry out action
  2. Effector level - carries out the action plan
57
Q

Closed loop control

A

adjustments can be made once the movement has been initiated with feedback provided throughout the movement

58
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

movement patterns self organize as a function of the interacting and dynamic individual, environmental, and task constraints NOT generated by a motor program

59
Q

Constraints

A

boundaries that determine the individual’s movement capabilities
Individual, environmental, task

60
Q
A

kin 3050 (1 decks)

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