chapter 4

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

single sugar units, must be in this form to be absorbed

GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE

Question 2

Disacharids

Answer 2

Two sugar units

MALTOSE, SUCROSE, LACTOSE

Question 3

Polysaccharides

Answer 3

Complex carbs,
glycogen in animals,
starch & fibre in plants

Question 4

Soluble Fibre

Answer 4

found inside plants
OATS, APPLES, BEANS,SEAWEED
our large intestine breaks it down

Question 5

Insoluble Fibre

Answer 5

WHEAT, RYE BRAN, BROCCOLI, CELERY

Promotes intestinal health and binds to toxix wastes

Question 6

Carbohydrate Digestion

Answer 6

Only monosaccharides can be absorbed. Undigested carbs pass into the LI, where colonic bacteria digests them

Question 7

Carb dIGESTION CONT

Answer 7

Mouth- salivary amalyase
stomach- none
SI-most starch by pancreatic amylase
Villi- enzymes attached to microvilla
LI- Fibre and other large carbs by bacteria

Question 8

Indigestible Carbs

Answer 8

Oligosaccharids- cant be digested by human enzymes and cant act as PREBIOTIC for colonic microflora
Resistance Starches- Legumes, unrip bannas, cooked potatoes. Considered functional fibre

Question 9

Carbohydrate Absorption

Answer 9

Monosaccharides travel from the capillaries of the SI to the liver
Liver uses fructose and galactose for enger
Glucose- used for energy, stored as glycogen and cause blood glucose to rise

Question 10

Glycemic response

Answer 10

measure of how quickly blood glucose rises after carb rich meal
REFINED sugars cause higher response than unrefined

Question 11

Insulin and Glucagon regulate blood glucose levels

Answer 11

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Question 12

Carbohydrate Spares Protein

Answer 12

When inadequates carb level are present, the glucose can be synthesized from proteins=GLUCONEOGENESIS
minimum carbs required to spare protein=130g

Question 13

Fat burns in a Carb Flame

Answer 13

Needs oxaloacetate to bind to acetyl coA for the citric acid cycle
needs carbs in order to oxidize fats to produce ATP
If no oxaloacetate is present, fat will be used to form ketone bodies9USED FOR ENERGY OR EXCRETED)
Ketosis(odd breathe, dry mouth, headaches)

Question 14

Diabetes

Answer 14

High blood glucose, Chronically high levels can lead to nerve, kidney and blood damage. Increase risk for dementia( Alzheimers typer 3-d)

Question 15

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 15

5-10% of cases, unpreventable , autoimmune diesase
Immune system attacks the pancreatic cells (BETA) that secret insulin.
Buikd up ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis

Question 16

Tyoe 2 Dieabetes

Answer 16

90-95%of cases Insulin resistance, preventable and lifestyle related.

Question 17

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 17

Elevated blood glucose during prego, can be passed to fetus

Question 18

Symptoms of Diabetes

Answer 18

Acute symps: freq urnination, excessive thirst, blurred vision, weight lose
Chronic symptoms: blindness, kidney failure, nerve dysfunction, Dementia

Question 19

Hypoglycemia

Answer 19

low blood sugar
Fasting can occur in absence of food
Reactive hypoglycemia can occur in response to high-carb food(too much insulin, eliminate too much blood glucose)

Question 20

Heart disease

Answer 20

risk depends on the type of carb consumed,
high sugar diets may raise blood lipid levels, LDL, bad cholesterol
High fibre diets reduce risk of heart attack( soluble fibre reduces blood cholesterol)

Question 21

Diverticuli and Diverticulosis

Answer 21

Diverticulli are outpocings of the LI and can lead to Diverticullosis. high fiber diest reduce this

Question 22

carbohydrate Recommendations

Answer 22

130g/day prevents ketosis and meets energy needs
AI for fibre 38g/day for men, 25 Female
whole grain, veges and fruits
minimize bakery products