Chapter 4

Question 1

what is the study of crime and its causes

Answer 1

criminology

Question 2

criminal justice deals with what agencies

Answer 2

police
courts
corrections

Question 3

what is a violation of criminal law

Answer 3

crime

Question 4

what is an act that violates or departs from social norms

Answer 4

deviance

Question 5

classical school of criminology was founded by who

Answer 5

cesare beccaria

Question 6

states that the general public will not commit crimes due to a fear of getting caught, prosecuted, and severely punished

Answer 6

general deterrence

Question 7

using punishments to prevent a known deviant (a specific person) from committing future crime; or that if a criminal receives enough punishment for committing an act, that criminal will not commit that act again

Answer 7

specific deterrence

Question 8

the use of prisons to punish the criminal

Answer 8

incarceration

Question 9

if an individual commits a criminal act then they deserve to be punished for that act by the government

Answer 9

“just deserts”

Question 10

based on the belief that criminals are a product of their genetic history

Answer 10

biological theories

Question 11

influenced many of the early biological theorists with his famous writing of the Theory of Evolution

Answer 11

Charles Darwin

Question 12

believed that crime could be eliminated through the systematic application of the scientific method

Answer 12

positivist school

Question 13

uses observation, hypothesis, the testing of hypothesis, analysis of the data and conclusion as the basis of validating any theory

Answer 13

scientific method

Question 14

the studying of the skull to determine personality traits

Answer 14

phrenology

Question 15

who studied the shape of the skull and relation to criminal behaviors

Answer 15

Franz Gall

Question 16

considered to be the father of criminology and developed the theory of atavism

Answer 16

Cesare Lombroso

Question 17

states that some people are born criminals because they are throwbacks to a more primitive stage of development

Answer 17

atavism

Question 18

who experimented with behavior modification that he called “classical conditioning”

Answer 18

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Question 19

developed the psychoanalytic theory in which he tried to explain human behavior in terms of the unconscious

Answer 19

Sigmund Freud

Question 20

are not concerned with the relationship of individuals, but rather with how individuals are influenced by the various social institutions that make up any organized society

Answer 20

social structure theories

Question 21

what does anomie mean

Answer 21

normlessness