Chapter 4

Question 0

traits:

Answer 0

anatomical features, developmental process, behavioral pattern

Question 1

phylogenetic systematics:

Answer 1

Classify org. to their evolutionary histories

Question 2

What’s the dif. bet. pedigrees and phylogenies

Answer 2

Pedigrees tells the ancestry of indiv. while phylogenies tells the ancestry of a population

Question 3

taxon (plural taxa):

Answer 3

Group of related organisms

Question 4

outgroup:

Answer 4

taxon related to group of interest, but it happened earlier in the evo. history

Question 5

poytomy

Answer 5

node with more than 2 branches arising from it. This is how uncertainty is communicated

Question 6

monophyletic group

Answer 6

taxonomic group with all descendants of group’s most common ancestory

Question 7

clade

Answer 7

always consist of a group that shares a single common ancestor

Question 8

polyphyletic group

Answer 8

dif members that don’t have the same common ancestor

Question 9

paraphyletic group

Answer 9

common ancestor but not all the descendants are included

Question 10

unrooted trees

Answer 10

do not indicate direction of time, branch tips represent more recent species than interior nodes

Question 11

cladograms

Answer 11

trees that do not have branch length (114)

Question 12

phylograms

Answer 12

trees that represent evolutionary change with branch lengths

Question 13

chronograms

Answer 13

branch length rep. actual time, common in paleontology

Question 14

homologus

Answer 14

trait that’s inherited by ancestor

Question 15

analogous traits

Answer 15

traits shared but not from common ancestor

Question 16

divergent evo

Answer 16

when closely related populations diverge cuz of natural selection

Question 17

convergent evo

Answer 17

2+ populations are simi to each other cuz thye’re exposed to simi. selective conditions

Question 18

synapomorphy

Answer 18

shared derived trait.
How it is applied: use syn. to reconstruct evo trees. The more traits 2 species have in common, the more closely related they will be

Question 19

homoplasy

Answer 19

analogous trait

Question 20

symplesiomorphy

Answer 20

shared trait in group that’s not shared by the 2 most closely related groups

Question 21

poloarity

Answer 21

order of appearance in evo time

Question 22

vestigal traits

Answer 22

class of homologous traits. Traits that have no known currenct func, but seems to have been important in the past