Chapter 4

Question 1

Strong arguments

Answer 1

additional conditions beyond being well-formed that an argument must satisfy to be successful.

Question 2

Deductively strong

Answer 2

An argument is deductively strong for a person if and only if:

• It is valid
• It is r/j/r for the person to believe all the arguments premises are true.

Question 3

Weak - Deductive Arguments

Answer 3

An argument is weak for a person if and only if:

• it is invalid.
• not r/j/r to believe one or more of the arguments premises.
• both 1 + 2

Question 4

Sound argument

Answer 4

valid argument is sound when it has true premises.

Question 5

Circular arguments

Answer 5

• the premise and conclusion are the same.

- are valid, but are often weak.

Question 6

Defeated

Answer 6

An inductive argument is defeated if and only if it is reasonable for that person to believe some other claim that gives good reason to think that the conclusion is false, or that you should suspend judgement about it .

Question 7

Inductive Strength

Answer 7

An argument is inductively strong for a person if and only if:

• It is cogent.
• It is r/j/r for the person to believe all the premises of the argument are true.
• The argument is not defeated by the person’s total evidence.

Question 8

Valid argument + justified preemies

Answer 8

deductively strong.

Question 9

Cogent argument + justified premises + undefeated

Answer 9

inductively strong.

Question 10

Ill-informed arguments

Answer 10

weak.

Question 11

Strength of an argument

Answer 11

depends on how reasonable it is to believe the premises and how much they provide for the conclusion

Question 12

Common cogent argument

Answer 12

1. Most As are Bs.
2. x is an A.
3. therefore, probably x is a B.

Question 13

Weak - Inductive Arguments

Answer 13

• not cogent
• not r/j/r for the person to believe all the premises of the argument are true.
• is defeated by the person’s total evidence.
• any combo of the above.