Chapter 4-6 (BIOL 131)

Question 1

Which of the following features of phospholipids accounts for the fluidity of cell membranes?

Answer 1

individual phospholipids are not covalent bonded together in the membrane

Question 2

Which of the following is the direct result of the inside of the membrane phospholipid membrane being non-polar?

Answer 2

ions cannot easily pass through the membrane

Question 3

Molecules that interact well with water molecules are called:

Answer 3

hydrophilic

Question 4

Which of the following microscopes is used to view organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 4

transmission electron microscope

Question 5

Compare the storage of DNA in a prokaryotic cell versus a eukaryotic cell.

Answer 5

DNA in a eukaryotic cell is found in a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 6

Which of the following types of cells contain ribosomes?

Answer 6

both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Question 7

Why does compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells allow for their greater complexity?

Answer 7

the compartments allow for the partial separation of metabolic reactions

Question 8

Cells were originally discovered:

Answer 8

by the use of a compound light microscope

Question 9

The maximum size of cells is limited because of the:

Answer 9

surface to volume ratio

Question 10

Which of the following organelles is found in plant cells only?

Answer 10

chloroplasts

Question 11

Which organelle is associated with ribosomes?

Answer 11

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of cellular homeostasis?

Answer 12

maintenance of constant internal pH

Question 13

Which of the following organelles is more predominant in a plant cells versus an animal cell

Answer 13

central vacuole

Question 14

Which of the following organelles is where most of the DNA is stored?

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

Which of the following organelles is where ribosomes are assembled?

Answer 15

nucleolus

Question 16

The folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane are referred to as the:

Answer 16

cristae

Question 17

Where in the mitochondrion do protons from electron transport accumulate?

Answer 17

intermembrane space

Question 18

The pores in plant leaves that allow for gas exchange are known as:

Answer 18

stomata

Question 19

Plant cells can communicate via:

Answer 19

plasmodesmata

Question 20

Which of the following adheres one plant cell to another?

Answer 20

plasmodesmata

Question 21

Which type of animal cell junction is found in the lining of the epithelia layers of the small intestine?

Answer 21

tight junctions

Question 22

Which type of animal cell junction is predominant in heart muscle cells?

Answer 22

gap junctions

Question 23

Which concept explains why mitochondria, nuclei, and chloroplasts have double membranes?

Answer 23

endosymbiosis

Question 24

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella require ATP to function. Which type of cell uses an electrochemical gradient to power its flagella?

Answer 24

prokaryotic (eukaryotic use ATP to power)

Question 25

What feature of phospholipid bilayers allow transport vesicle to take protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi?

Question 26

Treatment of the outside of a cell membrane with an enzyme that removes carbohydrates inhibits the function of some surface proteins? What would you conclude?

Question 27

The proton gradient in mitochondria powers what enzyme?

Question 28

Which of the following experiments would show whether an electrochemical gradient is necessary for ATP generation in the mitochondria?

Question 29

Which feature of phospholipids is the most critical to their ability to form bilayers in cell membranes?

Question 30

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

Question 31

In addition to a plasma membrane, eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria, also have membranes. In which way would these membranes differ?

Question 32

Which characteristic of a phospholipid increases the fluidity of the membrane?

Question 33

How would an organism maintain membrane fluidity in an environment where temperatures fluctuated from very high to very low?

Question 34

According to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma cell membrane, what is the location of carbohydrates in the cell membranes?

Question 35

What do double bonds in phospholipid fatty acid tails contribute to?

Question 36

Identify the principal force driving movement in diffusion.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of passive transport across a membrane?

Question 38

Water moves via osmosis across plasma cell membranes in which direction?

Question 39

What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water?

Question 40

Which of the following questions can be asked about organisms that live in fresh water?

Question 41

Which of the following explains why active movement of molecules across membranes must function continuously?

Question 42

How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged?

Question 43

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Question 44

What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis?

Question 45

In what important way does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from phagocytosis?

Question 46

ATP hydrolysis under standard biochemical conditions has ∆G < 0, implying which of the following about the reaction under these conditions?

Question 47

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Question 48

The ____ law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

Question 49

_________ is the exergonic breakdown of substrates.

Question 50

__________ is the endergonic synthesis of molecules.

Question 51

__________ includes all chemical reactions occuring with in a cell.

Question 52

Energy can be taken in as glucose, then has to be converted to a form that can be easily used to perform work in cells. What is the name of the latter molecule?

Question 53

When cellular respiration occurs, what is the primary molecule used to store the energy that is released?

Question 54

Which of the following is a catabolic process?

Question 55

What food molecule used by animals for energy and obtained from plants is most directly related to the use of sun energy?

Question 56

What reaction will release the largest amount of energy to help power another reaction?

Question 57

Which of the following best describes energy?

Question 58

What is the ultimate source of energy on this planet?

Question 59

Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy?

Question 60

Which of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions?

Question 61

Which of the terms in the Gibbs free energy equation denotes enthalpy?

Question 62

Which chemical reaction is more likely to occur?

Question 63

Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false?

Question 64

What counteracts entropy?

Question 65

Which of the following is the best example of the first law of thermodynamics?

Question 66

What is the difference between the first and second laws of thermodynamics?

Question 67

Which best describes the effect of inputting energy into a living system?

Question 68

Why is ATP considered the energy currency of the cell?

Question 69

What is ATP made from?

Question 70

What part of ATP is broken to release energy for use in chemical reactions?

Question 71

An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following?

Question 72

What happens if an enzyme is not functioning in a chemical reaction in a living organism that needs it?

Question 73

Which of the following is not true about enzymes?

Question 74

Which of the following analogies best describe the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding?

Question 75

How does enzyme feedback inhibition benefit a cell?

Question 76

What is the function of enzymes?

Question 77

If the nonprotein component of an enyzme is firmly attached to the protein, the complex is called a(n) __________.

Question 78

Which of the following is true about enzymes?

Question 79

28. Enzymes catalyze a reaction by __________