Chapter 4-6 Flashcards
cultural beliefs
Usually rooted in a culture’s symbolic inheritance - includes beliefs about meaning of life, religion, politics, family, or communal beliefs
Self-regulation
The ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others’ help
Role preparation
Sources of meaning
What are the 3 goals of socialization?
- Self-regulation
- Role preparation
- Sources of meaning
What do collectivistic cultures promote?
The development of an interdependent self
What do individualistic cultures promote?
The development of an independent self
What are the sources of socialization?
- Family
- Friends/peers
- School
- Community
- Workplace
- Media
- Legal system
- Cultural belief system
Every aspect of development is influenced by the ______ _______ in which it takes place
Cultural context
What are custom complexes?
A typical practice in a culture & the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice (e.g dating)
Cultural beliefs of American minority cultures tend to be ____ individualistic and more _____ collectivistic than those of the majority culture.
Less, collectivistic
Adolescents and emerging adults in developed cultures tend to be ______ religious than those in ________ cultures
Less, traditional
Religious participation and beliefs decline throughout the ______ and are lower in the late ______ and early ________ than at any other time/
Teens, teens, twenties
Religious faith is associated with what kind of characteristics?
Positive characteristics
Religiosity has _____ with each successive generation
Declined
3 levels of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Stages
- Preconventional - based on perceptions of likelihood of external reward or punishment
- Conventional - what is right agrees with rules established by tradition and authority
- Postconventional - what is right is derived from universal principles
3 types of Ethics based on worldviews
- The Ethic of Autonomy - the state of self-governance, leading ones life according own’s values & desires
- The Ethic of Community - the moral responsibility to engage in community processes, has obligation to groups, morals developed upon family, communal, & group roles
- The Ethic of Divinity - life governed by divine authority, moral views based on religious texts and authorities
3 keys changes in cognitive mode
- Development of formal operations
- Decline in authoritarian policial views
- Capacity to develop ideology
Sex
Implies that the characters of males & females have a biological basis
Gender
Implies that the characteristics of males & females may be due to culture & social beliefs, influences, & perceptions
In traditional cultures, manhood is something that has to be ______ whereas girls reach womanhood inevitably mainly through ______ changes
Achieved, biological
In developing countries, adolescent girls have much ______ in the way of educational and occupational opportunities
Less
Gender intensification process
Intensified social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed roles - results in more differences between males & females as adolescence progresses
What promotes gender stereotypes
Social media, etc
What are the sources of problems for boys & girls in gender socialization
Girls - focus on physical appearance
Boys - aggressiveness
There are more _____ than _____ between the genders
Similarities, differences
Social role theory
Differential gender socialization leads males & females to develop different skills & attitudes, which leads to different behaviors
Actual self
The concept, of self image, of what a person is now, as opposed to what they would like to become
Possible selves
Individuals’ ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what are afraid of becoming
Ideal self
That part of a person’s self-concept which consists of their desires, hopes, & wishes
Feared self
A set of qualities that one does not want to become or is concerned that they may already be
False self
Based around certain beliefs that we take on in order to fit into our worlds better (e.g if i am pretty, i will be more likeable)
What declines in early adolescence, rises through late adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Self-esteem
Baseline self esteem
A person’s stable sense of self; they stay consistent in their self-esteem
Barometric self esteem
The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day
Harter’s 8 domains of adolescent self-image
- Scholastic competence
- Social acceptance
- Athletic competence
- Physical appearance
- Job competence
- Romantic appeal
- Behavioral conduct
- Close friendship
What does self-esteem in emerging adulthood do?
Tends to rise *
Causes and effects of self-esteem
Feeling accepted & approved of by others, relationships with parents, approval from adults outside the family, school success
How much time to American adolescents spend alone?
1/4 of their time
Too much time alone results in what?
Problems in school
Psychological problems
What are the types of loneliness
Social & emotional
Who reports greater feelings of loneliness than either adolescents or adults?
Emerging adulthood
What is Erik Erickson’s stage of adolescence called?
Identity vs identity confusion
- identity is formed in love, work, & ideology. Failure to establish commitments in these areas by the end of adolescence reflects identity confusion
Psychosocial moratorium
A brief period toward the end of school when people think about what they wanted to do with their lives, after which most individuals settles into socially prescribed roles
Negative identity
Identity that is formed by identifying with roles opposed to societal expectations
Diffusion
the process by which knowledge, innovation, language, or cultural characteristics are spread within or between cultures or communities.
Moratorium
The adolescent is in a state of active exploration and has made no commitment, or at best an unclear one
Foreclosure
The adolescent has made a commitment without exploration
Achievement
have finally chosen those that are most important to them after actively exploring and examining different values and beliefs
Ethnic identity
beliefs about what it means to be a member of an ethnic minority within a society dominated by the majority culture
Assimilation
the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.
Marginality
Rejecting one’s culture and feeling rejected by the majority
Separation
preserving one’s culture while withdrawing from the majority culture.
Biculturalism
The acceptance of both the dominant and home cultures that is within an individual’s identity
Young people around the world now develop a _______ ________ retaining a ________ _______ along side a ________ ________
Bicultural identity, local identity, global identity
Hybrid identity
Someone’s sense of who they are is a mixture of 2 or more influences
