Chapter 4-6

Question 1

cultural beliefs

Answer 1

Usually rooted in a culture’s symbolic inheritance - includes beliefs about meaning of life, religion, politics, family, or communal beliefs

Question 2

Self-regulation

Answer 2

The ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others’ help

Question 3

Role preparation

Question 4

Sources of meaning

Question 5

What are the 3 goals of socialization?

Answer 5

1. Self-regulation
2. Role preparation
3. Sources of meaning

Question 6

What do collectivistic cultures promote?

Answer 6

The development of an interdependent self

Question 7

What do individualistic cultures promote?

Answer 7

The development of an independent self

Question 8

What are the sources of socialization?

Answer 8

1. Family
2. Friends/peers
3. School
4. Community
5. Workplace
6. Media
7. Legal system
8. Cultural belief system

Question 9

Every aspect of development is influenced by the ______ _______ in which it takes place

Answer 9

Cultural context

Question 10

What are custom complexes?

Answer 10

A typical practice in a culture & the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice (e.g dating)

Question 11

Cultural beliefs of American minority cultures tend to be ____ individualistic and more _____ collectivistic than those of the majority culture.

Answer 11

Less, collectivistic

Question 12

Adolescents and emerging adults in developed cultures tend to be ______ religious than those in ________ cultures

Answer 12

Less, traditional

Question 13

Religious participation and beliefs decline throughout the ______ and are lower in the late ______ and early ________ than at any other time/

Answer 13

Teens, teens, twenties

Question 14

Religious faith is associated with what kind of characteristics?

Answer 14

Positive characteristics

Question 15

Religiosity has _____ with each successive generation

Answer 15

Declined

Question 16

3 levels of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Stages

Answer 16

1. Preconventional - based on perceptions of likelihood of external reward or punishment
2. Conventional - what is right agrees with rules established by tradition and authority
3. Postconventional - what is right is derived from universal principles

Question 17

3 types of Ethics based on worldviews

Answer 17

1. The Ethic of Autonomy - the state of self-governance, leading ones life according own’s values & desires
2. The Ethic of Community - the moral responsibility to engage in community processes, has obligation to groups, morals developed upon family, communal, & group roles
3. The Ethic of Divinity - life governed by divine authority, moral views based on religious texts and authorities

Question 18

3 keys changes in cognitive mode

Answer 18

1. Development of formal operations
2. Decline in authoritarian policial views
3. Capacity to develop ideology

Question 19

Sex

Answer 19

Implies that the characters of males & females have a biological basis

Question 20

Gender

Answer 20

Implies that the characteristics of males & females may be due to culture & social beliefs, influences, & perceptions

Question 21

In traditional cultures, manhood is something that has to be ______ whereas girls reach womanhood inevitably mainly through ______ changes

Answer 21

Achieved, biological

Question 22

In developing countries, adolescent girls have much ______ in the way of educational and occupational opportunities

Answer 22

Less

Question 23

Gender intensification process

Answer 23

Intensified social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed roles - results in more differences between males & females as adolescence progresses

Question 24

What promotes gender stereotypes

Answer 24

Social media, etc

Question 25

What are the sources of problems for boys & girls in gender socialization

Answer 25

Girls - focus on physical appearance Boys - aggressiveness

Question 26

There are more _____ than _____ between the genders

Answer 26

Similarities, differences

Question 27

Social role theory

Answer 27

Differential gender socialization leads males & females to develop different skills & attitudes, which leads to different behaviors

Question 28

Actual self

Answer 28

The concept, of self image, of what a person is now, as opposed to what they would like to become

Question 29

Possible selves

Answer 29

Individuals’ ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what are afraid of becoming

Question 30

Ideal self

Answer 30

That part of a person’s self-concept which consists of their desires, hopes, & wishes

Question 31

Feared self

Answer 31

A set of qualities that one does not want to become or is concerned that they may already be

Question 32

False self

Answer 32

Based around certain beliefs that we take on in order to fit into our worlds better (e.g if i am pretty, i will be more likeable)

Question 33

What declines in early adolescence, rises through late adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Answer 33

Self-esteem

Question 34

Baseline self esteem

Answer 34

A person’s stable sense of self; they stay consistent in their self-esteem

Question 35

Barometric self esteem

Answer 35

The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day

Question 36

Harter’s 8 domains of adolescent self-image

Answer 36

1. Scholastic competence 2. Social acceptance 3. Athletic competence 4. Physical appearance 5. Job competence 6. Romantic appeal 7. Behavioral conduct 8. Close friendship

Question 37

What does self-esteem in emerging adulthood do?

Answer 37

Tends to rise *

Question 38

Causes and effects of self-esteem

Answer 38

Feeling accepted & approved of by others, relationships with parents, approval from adults outside the family, school success

Question 39

How much time to American adolescents spend alone?

Answer 39

1/4 of their time

Question 40

Too much time alone results in what?

Answer 40

Problems in school Psychological problems

Question 41

What are the types of loneliness

Answer 41

Social & emotional

Question 42

Who reports greater feelings of loneliness than either adolescents or adults?

Answer 42

Emerging adulthood

Question 43

What is Erik Erickson’s stage of adolescence called?

Answer 43

Identity vs identity confusion - identity is formed in love, work, & ideology. Failure to establish commitments in these areas by the end of adolescence reflects identity confusion

Question 44

Psychosocial moratorium

Answer 44

A brief period toward the end of school when people think about what they wanted to do with their lives, after which most individuals settles into socially prescribed roles

Question 45

Negative identity

Answer 45

Identity that is formed by identifying with roles opposed to societal expectations

Question 46

Diffusion

Answer 46

the process by which knowledge, innovation, language, or cultural characteristics are spread within or between cultures or communities.

Question 47

Moratorium

Answer 47

The adolescent is in a state of active exploration and has made no commitment, or at best an unclear one

Question 48

Foreclosure

Answer 48

The adolescent has made a commitment without exploration

Question 49

Achievement

Answer 49

have finally chosen those that are most important to them after actively exploring and examining different values and beliefs

Question 50

Ethnic identity

Answer 50

beliefs about what it means to be a member of an ethnic minority within a society dominated by the majority culture

Question 51

Assimilation

Answer 51

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

Question 52

Marginality

Answer 52

Rejecting one’s culture and feeling rejected by the majority

Question 53

Separation

Answer 53

preserving one's culture while withdrawing from the majority culture.

Question 54

Biculturalism

Answer 54

The acceptance of both the dominant and home cultures that is within an individual's identity

Question 55

Young people around the world now develop a _______ ________ retaining a ________ _______ along side a ________ ________

Answer 55

Bicultural identity, local identity, global identity

Question 56

Hybrid identity

Answer 56

Someone’s sense of who they are is a mixture of 2 or more influences