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Adolescent Development Exam 2 > Chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

cultural beliefs

A

Usually rooted in a culture’s symbolic inheritance - includes beliefs about meaning of life, religion, politics, family, or communal beliefs

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2
Q

Self-regulation

A

The ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others’ help

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3
Q

Role preparation

A
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4
Q

Sources of meaning

A
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5
Q

What are the 3 goals of socialization?

A
  1. Self-regulation
  2. Role preparation
  3. Sources of meaning
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6
Q

What do collectivistic cultures promote?

A

The development of an interdependent self

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7
Q

What do individualistic cultures promote?

A

The development of an independent self

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8
Q

What are the sources of socialization?

A
  1. Family
  2. Friends/peers
  3. School
  4. Community
  5. Workplace
  6. Media
  7. Legal system
  8. Cultural belief system
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9
Q

Every aspect of development is influenced by the ______ _______ in which it takes place

A

Cultural context

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10
Q

What are custom complexes?

A

A typical practice in a culture & the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice (e.g dating)

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11
Q

Cultural beliefs of American minority cultures tend to be ____ individualistic and more _____ collectivistic than those of the majority culture.

A

Less, collectivistic

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12
Q

Adolescents and emerging adults in developed cultures tend to be ______ religious than those in ________ cultures

A

Less, traditional

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13
Q

Religious participation and beliefs decline throughout the ______ and are lower in the late ______ and early ________ than at any other time/

A

Teens, teens, twenties

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14
Q

Religious faith is associated with what kind of characteristics?

A

Positive characteristics

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15
Q

Religiosity has _____ with each successive generation

A

Declined

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16
Q

3 levels of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Stages

A
  1. Preconventional - based on perceptions of likelihood of external reward or punishment
  2. Conventional - what is right agrees with rules established by tradition and authority
  3. Postconventional - what is right is derived from universal principles
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17
Q

3 types of Ethics based on worldviews

A
  1. The Ethic of Autonomy - the state of self-governance, leading ones life according own’s values & desires
  2. The Ethic of Community - the moral responsibility to engage in community processes, has obligation to groups, morals developed upon family, communal, & group roles
  3. The Ethic of Divinity - life governed by divine authority, moral views based on religious texts and authorities
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18
Q

3 keys changes in cognitive mode

A
  1. Development of formal operations
  2. Decline in authoritarian policial views
  3. Capacity to develop ideology
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19
Q

Sex

A

Implies that the characters of males & females have a biological basis

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20
Q

Gender

A

Implies that the characteristics of males & females may be due to culture & social beliefs, influences, & perceptions

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21
Q

In traditional cultures, manhood is something that has to be ______ whereas girls reach womanhood inevitably mainly through ______ changes

A

Achieved, biological

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22
Q

In developing countries, adolescent girls have much ______ in the way of educational and occupational opportunities

A

Less

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23
Q

Gender intensification process

A

Intensified social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed roles - results in more differences between males & females as adolescence progresses

24
Q

What promotes gender stereotypes

A

Social media, etc

25
Q

What are the sources of problems for boys & girls in gender socialization

A

Girls - focus on physical appearance
Boys - aggressiveness

26
Q

There are more _____ than _____ between the genders

A

Similarities, differences

27
Q

Social role theory

A

Differential gender socialization leads males & females to develop different skills & attitudes, which leads to different behaviors

28
Q

Actual self

A

The concept, of self image, of what a person is now, as opposed to what they would like to become

29
Q

Possible selves

A

Individuals’ ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what are afraid of becoming

30
Q

Ideal self

A

That part of a person’s self-concept which consists of their desires, hopes, & wishes

31
Q

Feared self

A

A set of qualities that one does not want to become or is concerned that they may already be

32
Q

False self

A

Based around certain beliefs that we take on in order to fit into our worlds better (e.g if i am pretty, i will be more likeable)

33
Q

What declines in early adolescence, rises through late adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A

Self-esteem

34
Q

Baseline self esteem

A

A person’s stable sense of self; they stay consistent in their self-esteem

35
Q

Barometric self esteem

A

The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day

36
Q

Harter’s 8 domains of adolescent self-image

A
  1. Scholastic competence
  2. Social acceptance
  3. Athletic competence
  4. Physical appearance
  5. Job competence
  6. Romantic appeal
  7. Behavioral conduct
  8. Close friendship
37
Q

What does self-esteem in emerging adulthood do?

A

Tends to rise *

38
Q

Causes and effects of self-esteem

A

Feeling accepted & approved of by others, relationships with parents, approval from adults outside the family, school success

39
Q

How much time to American adolescents spend alone?

A

1/4 of their time

40
Q

Too much time alone results in what?

A

Problems in school
Psychological problems

41
Q

What are the types of loneliness

A

Social & emotional

42
Q

Who reports greater feelings of loneliness than either adolescents or adults?

A

Emerging adulthood

43
Q

What is Erik Erickson’s stage of adolescence called?

A

Identity vs identity confusion
- identity is formed in love, work, & ideology. Failure to establish commitments in these areas by the end of adolescence reflects identity confusion

44
Q

Psychosocial moratorium

A

A brief period toward the end of school when people think about what they wanted to do with their lives, after which most individuals settles into socially prescribed roles

45
Q

Negative identity

A

Identity that is formed by identifying with roles opposed to societal expectations

46
Q

Diffusion

A

the process by which knowledge, innovation, language, or cultural characteristics are spread within or between cultures or communities.

47
Q

Moratorium

A

The adolescent is in a state of active exploration and has made no commitment, or at best an unclear one

48
Q

Foreclosure

A

The adolescent has made a commitment without exploration

49
Q

Achievement

A

have finally chosen those that are most important to them after actively exploring and examining different values and beliefs

50
Q

Ethnic identity

A

beliefs about what it means to be a member of an ethnic minority within a society dominated by the majority culture

51
Q

Assimilation

A

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

52
Q

Marginality

A

Rejecting one’s culture and feeling rejected by the majority

53
Q

Separation

A

preserving one’s culture while withdrawing from the majority culture.

54
Q

Biculturalism

A

The acceptance of both the dominant and home cultures that is within an individual’s identity

55
Q

Young people around the world now develop a _______ ________ retaining a ________ _______ along side a ________ ________

A

Bicultural identity, local identity, global identity

56
Q

Hybrid identity

A

Someone’s sense of who they are is a mixture of 2 or more influences

Adolescent Development Exam 2 (1 decks)

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