Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiological Psychology > Chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4-6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • cushions brain
  • removes waste
  • supports neurogenesis
  • contains immune-related molecules
  • controls neurotransmitter precursors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures comprise the brain stem?

A

medulla, tectum, tegmentum, pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe how the blood-brain barrier is different in the medulla

A

In the area postrema, the blood-brain barrier is more porous than the rest of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the effects of cerebellar agensis

A

Only mild/moderate decifits in balance and motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four cranial nerves in the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how Wilder Penfield provided evidence for localization of function?

A

By stimulating the somatosensory and motor cortexes while the patient was awake he was able to map parts of the body onto the brain. The amount of tissue associated with parts of the body was proportionate to the amount of sensation experienced in that body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the neurotransmitter systems and what processes they are involved in

A

Cholinergic - learning, memory, arousal
Dopaminergic - motor control, reward processing, motivation, addition
Noradrenergic - arousal, sustained attention
Serotonergic - arousal, mood, sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the preparation process of the sample in visible light transmission microscopy

A
  1. sample is fixed in place using formaldehyde
  2. sample is dehydrated using acetone
  3. sample is hardened using paraffin
  4. sample is sliced into very thin pieces using a microtome
  5. certain structures are stained to observe them more closely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the two types of electron microscopy

A

TEM - electrons are fired through the sample and the ones that make it through strike a phosphorus plate and the others bounce back. Heavy metals are used to stain the sample which decreases the number of electrons that can pass through
SEM - electrons are moved back and forth across sample to see how many are backscattered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of CAT scan

A

A - can be used to create 3D reconstruction, don’t take very long
D - requires radiation, requires contrast dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of MRI

A

A - no radiation, no contrast dyes

D - takes a long time, expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe how Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) works and its purpose

A

Tracks the movement of water through the 3 axon bundles in the brain (corona radiata, cingulum, inferior longitudinal faciculus). Used to determine anatomical connectivity between structures across the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe how fMRI uses blood flow to measure structural changes in brain

A

Brain structures that are more active require more O2 from blood and so blood vessels in the capillaries in these regions dilate to allow more deoxyhemoglobin to pass into brain. This process decreases the amount of deoxyhemoglobin which increases the MRI signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe why PET uses glucose

A

Because glucose is the brain’s main source of energy for neural activity, PET involves injecting version of glucose to see where it is used in the brain. This will show where brain activity is occuring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe why fNIRS is more ideal than PET or fMRI

A

Because it is less expensive and portable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe which imaging techniques measure brain activity indirectly vs directly

A

fMRI, PET, fNIRS vs EEG, MEG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List 3 ways proteins can be introduced to the body in optogenetics

A

Transgenic animals, viral delivery, gene gun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe one practical application of tDCS

A

Helping stroke victims regain function of their limbs on their affected side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name one disorder that EBS may be used to treat

A

Major Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are all the ways optogenetics can be used?

A

At the synapse, neuron, local circuit, intralayer, whole brain, behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which imaging technique can be used to create a “virtual patient”?

A

TMS/rTMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which layer in the neural induction stage of development eventually forms the neural plate?

A

Ectoderm

23
Q

Where do all stem cells originate from?

A

Ventricular zone

24
Q

Describe how growth cones move throughout brain

A

They are repelled by certain substances and attracted to by others which causes them to move

25
Q

Describe how neurons move through tangential migration

A

Higher concentrations of chemotropic cues in extracellular fluid facilitate the growth of cones, and areas of the cone in lower concentrations will die off. The neuron continues to grow in the direction where there is a higher concentration of chemotrophic cues.

26
Q

Describe the process of synaptic pruning and how it relates to learning

A

Synapses that are active release neurotrophic factors when they release neurotransmitters. Inactive synapses do not release neurotrophic factors and so microglia prune back these synapses. When we learn something new, a synapse is created but if you don’t try and maintain this knowledge, the synapse will slowly be removed. By using repeated and spaced practice you strengthen synapses and can also form connections to other synapses which enhances your learning.

27
Q

How can the myelination stage provide insight into why adolescence and young adult brains are still developing?

A

The frontal lobes are the last part of the brain to become fully myelinated. This explains why it teenagers are more impulsive and like to take risks; the part of the brain responsible for forward-thinking, inhibition, and executive control is not yet developed

28
Q

Describe the rate and timing of neurogenesis

A

Initially, more neurons than necessary are created and the number peaks around 28 weeks after conception. After this there is a systematic decline in the amount of neurons that occurs throughout the rest of life

29
Q

What are the effects of alcohol on a developing fetus?

A

Poor executive control/inhibition, impaired memory/learning, attention deficits, smaller cerebral cortex (smaller inferior parietal lobe, superior temporal region, ventral frontal region), wider sulci, less white matter, smaller/missing corpus callosum

30
Q

What does “dose-dependent effects” mean in regards to alcohol and fetal development

A

This means that the more alcohol a mother consumes while pregnant, the more damage she is doing to her unborn fetus. There is NO KNOWN SAFE LEVEL of alcohol at this time.

31
Q

Explain the experiment with rats in regards to environmental complexity and its implications for human development

A

Rats were either placed in a control or an enriched condition where they had friends, toys, and room to run. The rats in the enriched condition had more dendritic spines and greater dendritic spine density compared to the control condition. This provides evidence that children should be provided with rich and stimulating environments, especially room to be physically active, to help increase their number and strength of neural pathways.

32
Q

Explain the experiment with rats in regards to environmental complexity and its implications for human development

A

Rats were either placed in a control or an enriched condition where they had friends, toys, and room to run. The rats in the enriched condition had more dendritic spines and greater dendritic spine density compared to the control condition. This provides evidence that children should be provided with rich and stimulating environments, especially room to be physically active, to help increase the number and strength of neural pathways in their brain

33
Q

What is the role of the choroid plexus?

A

To secrete cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

What are the effects of hydrocephalus and how is it treated?

A

Too much CSF builds up in the ventricles and widens them, causing brain tissue to be compressed and blood flow to be restricted. It is treated by placing a shunt in the ventricles to drain the fluid and alleviate the pressure in the brain.

35
Q

Identify the brain divisions and associated ventricle

A

Telencephalon - lateral ventricle
Diencephalon - third ventricle
Mesencephalon - cerebral aqueduct
Metencephalon and Myelincephalon - fourth ventricle

36
Q

Describe the structure of the meninges

A

The layer closest to the skull is the dura matter, then the arachnoid membrane, then the pia mater. The fluid-filled space between the arachnoid and the pia mater is called the subarachnoid space.

37
Q

Describe the structure and function of the circle of Willis

A

The left/right carotid and left/right vertebral arteries run up the neck and join together to form the circle of Willis. The function is to provide blood flow between the anterior and posterior parts of the brain and to serve as a safety mechanism against stroke because if one of the blood vessels is thinned or blocked. Blood can flow bidirectionally because of the pressure and shape of the structure.

38
Q

Describe what the following terms mean in the brain: dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal

A

Dorsal - towards the top
Ventral - towards the bottom
Rostral - towards the front
Caudal - towards the back

39
Q

Describe the function of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems

A

Sympathetic - to prepare the body for fight/flight
Parasympathetic - to prepare the body to rest/digest
Enteric - controls gastrointestional behaviour

40
Q

What is the major difference between the brain of a human and the brain of a chimpanzee?

A

Human neurons proliferate longer

41
Q

What two areas do we make new neurons in throughout our life?

A

Basal ganglia and hippocampus

42
Q

Consumption of alcohol affects what receptors?

A

Inhibits receptors for glutamate and enhances receptors for GABA

43
Q

What were the results of the weasel study?

A

The temporal lobe was rewired to receive input from the optic nerve and it produces visual responses.

44
Q

What was the most important factor in the enriched condition in the rat experiment?

A

Physical activity

45
Q

What were the findings of how blind people since birth process Braille?

A

There was activation in the occipital lobe during touch sensation but they couldn’t identify the Braille letters when this area of the brain was inhibited whereas sighted people could. Blind people also use the occipital lobe to respond to auditory stimuli, especially language

46
Q

What is happening when musicians get muscle cramps?

A

It occurs because the representation of the hand has increased in the somatosensory cortex because of repeated practice, but now the areas for each fingers may overlap and so musicians cannot move the fingers independently anymore

47
Q

What is the most significant reason for adolescent impulsivity?

A

The brain’s response to rewards and anticipation of rewards increases strongly during these years

48
Q

What is the purpose of using an EEG to create evoked potentials?

A

It can be used to gather responses from people that cannot communicate verbally

49
Q

What was one of the earliest discoveries about the nervous system?

A

Afferent dorsal roots carry sensory information and efferent ventral roots carry motor information

50
Q

Explain the difference between the pre and postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic nervous system compared to the sympathetic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic - preganglionic fibres are long, postganglionic fibres are short
Sympathetic - preganglionic fibres are short, postganglionic fibres are long

51
Q

What are the three structures in the Basal Ganglia that form the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, global pallidus

52
Q

Explain what the BOLD signal is

A

In fMRI imaging, the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal identifies the areas and degree of activation in the brain

53
Q

What is the spatial and temporal resolution of fMRI?

A

Good spatial, poor temporal

54
Q

Which cells other than glial cells help produce neurons in proliferation and neurogenesis?

A

Basal progenitors

Physiological Psychology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions