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ICND 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

On an IP host, the IP address of some router to which the host sends packets when the packet’s destination address is on a subnet other than the local subnet.

A

Default router (default gateway)

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2
Q

A list of routes in a router, with each route listing the destination subnet and mask, the router interface out which to forward packets destined to that subnet, and as needed, the next-hop routers IP address.

A

Routing table

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3
Q

An IPv4 network is called a _____ network because these networks are defined by the class rules for IPv4 addressing.

A

classful

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4
Q

Subdivisions of a Class A, B, or C network, as configured by a network administrator. This allows for a single Class A, B, or C network to be used instead of multiple networks, and still allow for a large number of groups of IP addresses, as is required for efficient IP routing.

A

IP subnet

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5
Q

An IP header, followed by the data encapsulated after the IP header, but specifically not including any headers and trailers for layers below the network layer.

A

IP packet

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6
Q

A set of messages and processes with which routers can exchange information about routes to reach subnets in a particular network.

A

Routing protocol

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7
Q

The format used for IP version 4 addresses, in which four decimal values are used, separated by periods (dots)

A

Dotted decimal notation (DDN)

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8
Q

Literally, the version of the Internet Protocol defined in an old RFC 791, standardized in 1980, and used as the basis of TCP/IP networks and the Internet for over 30 years.

A

IPv4 address

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9
Q

An IP address that represents a single interface. In IPv4, these addresses come from the Class A, B, and C ranges.

A

Unicast IP address

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10
Q

The process of subdividing a Class A, B, or C network into smaller groups of subnets.

A

Subnetting

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11
Q

The alphanumeric name of an IP host

A

Hostname

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12
Q

An application layer protocol used throughout the internet for translating host names into their associated IP addresses.

A

Domain Name System (DNS)

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13
Q

An internet protocol used to map an IP address to a MAC address. Defined in RFC 826.

A

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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14
Q

An Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo message and its reply; it’s often is used in IP networks to test the reachability of a network device.

A

Ping

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15
Q

The process of hosts and routers forwarding IP packets (Layer 3 protocol data units [PDU]), while relying on the underlying LANs and WANs to forward the bits.

A

IP routing

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16
Q

Addresses used to identify a packet’s source and destination host computer. Addressing rules also organize addresses into groups, which greatly assists the routing process.

A

IP addressing

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17
Q

A protocol that aids routers by dynamically learning about the IP address groups so that a router knows where to route IP packets so that they go to the right destination host.

A

IP routing protocol

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18
Q

Which of the following are functions of OSI Layer 3 protocols? (Choose two answers.)

a. Logical addressing
b. Physical addressing
c. Path selection
d. Arbitration
e. Error recovery

A

a. Logical addressing

c. Path selection

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19
Q

Which of the following is a valid Class C IP address that can be assigned to a host?

a. 1.1.1.1
b. 200.1.1.1
c. 128.128.128.128
d. 224.1.1.1

A

b. 200.1.1.1

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20
Q

What is the assignable range of values for the first octet for Class A IP networks?

A

1 - 126

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21
Q

PC1 and PC2 are on two different Ethernet LANs that are separated by an IP router. PC1’s IP address is 10.1.1.1, and no subnetting is used. Which of the following addresses could be used for PC2? (Choose two answers.)

a. 10.1.1.2
b. 10.2.2.2
c. 10.200.200.1
d. 9.1.1.1
e. 225.1.1.1
f. 1.1.1.1

A

d. 9.1.1.1

f. 1.1.1.1

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22
Q

Imagine a network with two routers that are connected with a point-to-point HDLC serial link. Each router has an Ethernet, with PC1 sharing the Ethernet with Router1 and PC2 sharing the Ethernet with Router2. When PC1 sends data to PC2, which of the following is true?

a. Router1 strips the Ethernet header and trailer off the frame received from PC1, never to be used again.
b. Router1 encapsulates the Ethernet frame inside an HDLC header and sends the frame to Router2, which extracts the Ethernet frame for forwarding to PC2.
c. Router1 strips the Ethernet header and trailer off the frame received from PC1, which is exactly re-created by Router2 before forwarding data to PC2.
d. Router1 removes the Ethernet, IP, and TCP headers and rebuilds the appropriate headers before forwarding the packet to Router2.

A

a. Router1 strips the Ethernet header and trailer off the frame received from PC1, never to be used again.

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23
Q

Which of the following does a router normally use when making a decision about routing TCP/IP packets?

a. Destination MAC address
b. Source MAC address
c. Destination IP address
d. Source IP address
e. Destination MAC and IP addresses

A

c. Destination IP address

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24
Q

Which of the following are true about a LAN-connected TCP/IP host and its IP routing (forwarding) choices? (Choose two answers.)

a. The host always sends packets to its default gateway.
b. The host sends packets to its default gateway if the destination IP address is in a different class of IP network than the host.
c. The host sends packets to its default gateway if the destination IP address is in a different subnet than the host.
d. The host sends packets to its default gateway if the destination IP address is in the same subnet as the host.

A

b. The host sends packets to its default gateway if the destination IP address is in a different class of IP network than the host.
c. The host sends packets to its default gateway if the destination IP address is in a different subnet than the host.

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25
Q

Which of the following are functions of a routing protocol? (Choose two answers.)

a. Advertising known routes to neighboring routers
b. Learning routes for subnets directly connected to the router
c. Learning routes, and putting those routes into the routing table, for routes advertised to the router by its neighboring routers
d. Forwarding IP packets based on a packet’s destination IP address

A

a. Advertising known routes to neighboring routers
c. Learning routes, and putting those routes into the routing table, for routes advertised to the router by its neighboring routers

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26
Q

A company implements a TCP/IP network, with PC1 sitting on an Ethernet LAN. Which of the following protocols and features requires PC1 to learn information from some other server device?

a. ARP
b. ping
c. DNS
d. None of these answers is correct.

A

c. DNS

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27
Q

IP concerns itself with the _____ details, rather than _____ details, of delivering data.

A

logical;

physical

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28
Q

What is the common term used to describe routers and end-user computers that work together on a TCP/IP network to perform routing?

A

hosts

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29
Q

The host operating system (OS) has TCP/IP software, including the software that implements the _____ layer. Hosts use that software to choose where to send IP packets, often to a nearby router.

A

network

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30
Q

Refers to routing protocols, specifically how routing protocols select the best route among the competing routes to the same destination.

A

path selection

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31
Q

The default router is also referred to as the default _____.

A

gateway

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32
Q

When a router receives a packet, it compares the packet’s _____ IP address to the entries in the routing table and makes a match.

A

destination

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33
Q

The routing concept works a little like driving down the freeway when approaching a big interchange. You look up and see signs for nearby towns, telling you which exits to take to go to each town. Similarly, the router looks at the IP routing _____ (the equivalent of the road signs) and directs each packet over the correct next LAN or WAN link (the equivalent of a road).

A

table

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34
Q

Each router keeps an IP routing table. This table lists IP address groupings, called IP _____ and IP _____.

A

networks;

subnets

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35
Q

_____ dynamically learns the data-link address of an IP host connected to a LAN.

A

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

36
Q

IP defines network layer addresses that identify any host or router interface that connects to a TCP/IP network. The idea basically works like a postal address: Any interface that expects to receive IP packets needs a/an _____, just like you need a postal address before receiving mail from the postal service.

A

IP address

37
Q

All nearby postal addresses are in the same postal code (ZIP code), while all nearby IP addresses must be in the same IP _____ or IP _____.

A

network;

subnet

38
Q

The ICND1 book uses the term _____ to refer more generally to a network made up of routers, switches, cables, and other equipment.

A

internetwork

39
Q

_____ need to know the IP address of their default router so that they can send packets to remote destinations. Routers, however, need to know routes so that routers know how to forward packets to each and every IP network and IP subnet.

A

Hosts

40
Q

What kind of address does a device need to have in order to communicate using TCP/IP

A

IP address

41
Q

Any device that has at least one interface with an IP address can send and receive IP packets and is called an IP _____.

A

host

42
Q

IP addresses consist of a __-bit number, usually written in dotted-decimal notation (DDN).

A

32

43
Q

If your laptop has both an Ethernet network interface card (NIC) and a wireless NIC, with both working at the same time, will they have different IP addresses or the same one?

A

different

44
Q

Do routers have more than one IP address for each interface?

A

Yes

45
Q

The original specifications for TCP/IP grouped IP addresses into sets of consecutive addresses called IP _____.

A

networks

46
Q

The addresses in a single IP network have (the same/different) numeric value/s in the first part of all addresses in the network.

A

the same

47
Q

Can IP addresses in the same group be separated from each other by a router?

A

No

48
Q

In the IPv4 address space, there are more than 232 different values exist with the 32-bit number all possible combinations of numbers With DDN values, these numbers include all combinations of the values _____ through _____ in all four octets

A

0;

255

49
Q

Class A gets roughly half of the IPv4 address space, with all DDN numbers that begin with _____–_____

A

1-126

50
Q

Class B gets one-fourth of the address space, with all DDN numbers that begin with _____–_____ inclusive

A

128;

191

51
Q

Class C gets one-eighth of the address space, with all numbers that begin with _____–_____

A

192-223

52
Q

Classes A, B, and C define _____ IP addresses, meaning that the address identifies a single host interface.

A

unicast

53
Q

Class D defines _____ addresses, used to send one packet to multiple hosts

A

multicast

54
Q

Class E originally defined _____ addresses. (Class E addresses are no longer defined this way and are simply reserved for future use.)

A

experimental

55
Q

IPv4 standards also _____ the Class A, B, and C unicast classes into predefined IP networks. Each IP network makes up a subset of the DDN values inside the class.

A

subdivide

56
Q

IPv4 uses _____ classes of unicast addresses so that the IP networks in each class can be different sizes, and therefore meet different needs.

A

three

57
Q

Many people use the term network ID, but others use the terms network _____ and network _____. Be ready to use all three terms.

A

number;

address

58
Q

In a single Class B network, the addresses have the same value in the first _____ octets

A

two

59
Q

With Class C networks and addresses, the first _____ octets define the group, with addresses in one Class C network having the same value

A

three

60
Q

What is the valid network number range for a Class A network?

A

1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0

61
Q

What is the valid networking number range for a Class B network?

A

128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0

62
Q

What is the valid networking number range for a Class C network?

A

192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0

63
Q

What term refers to any Class A, B, or C network, because it is defined by Class A, B, and C rules.

A

Classful IP network

64
Q

What defines methods of further subdividing the IPv4 address space into groups that are smaller than a single IP network?

A

Subnetting

65
Q

The name _____ is just shorthand for subdivided network.

A

subnet

66
Q

Each Class B network has 2 to ____ power – 2 host addresses

A

16

67
Q

Hosts actually use some simple routing logic when choosing where to send a packet. If you assume that the design uses subnets (which is typical), what is the two-step logic used?

A

If destination IP address is in same subnet, send the packet to destination host.

Otherwise send to default gateway

68
Q

When a router receives a data-link frame addressed to that router’s data-link address, the router needs to think about processing the contents of the frame. What happens when the frame arrives? (4 steps)

A

(1) Checks data-link FCS field to ensure no errors have occurred…if so, frame is discarded
(2) Discards old data-link header and trailer
(3) Compares IP destination address to routing table to find the best route. This route identifies the outgoing interface of the router and possibly next-hop router IP address
(4) Encapsulates packet into new data-link header and trailer and forwards the frame

69
Q

One of the goals of the routing protocol is to _____ learn and fill the routing table with a route to each subnet in an internetwork.

A

dynamically

70
Q

One of the goals of the routing protocol is If more than one route to a subnet is available, to place the _____ route in the routing table.

A

best

71
Q

During the routing protocol process, what does a router do if certain routes in the routing table are no longer valid?

A

removes them

72
Q

What is the term used for the time between losing the route and finding a working replacement route?

A

convergence time

73
Q

One of the goals of the routing protocol is to prevent routing _____.

A

loops

74
Q

Many routing protocols use the same general steps for learning the routes. What are these steps? (Three)

A

(1) Each router adds a route to its routing table for each directly connected subnet
(2) Each router’s protocol tells its neighbors about the routes in its table including directly connected and learned
(3) After learning a new route from its neighbor, it adds it to its routing table and generally lists the next-hop as the neighbor from which the route was learned.

75
Q

What method does TCP/IP use to let a computer find the IP address used by the listed hostname?

A

Domain Name System (DNS)

76
Q

In order to obtain the IP address of a particular website, the host sends a message to a DNS server. What is the name of that message?

A

DNS query

77
Q

Does a single DNS server know the names and matching IP addresses of all the websites?

A

No there are many servers

78
Q

What allows hosts and routers to learn their neighboring device’s MAC addresses?

A

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

79
Q

The method by which any host or router on a LAN can dynamically learn the MAC address of another IP host or router on the same LAN

A

ARP

80
Q

An ARP Request sends out the request as a LAN _____, so all hosts receive the frame.

A

broadcast

81
Q

The ARP Reply is sent as a _____ message to the sender of the ARP request with the matching MAC address.

A

unicast

82
Q

An ARP request basically ask, “if this is your IP address, please reply back with your _____ address.”

A

MAC

83
Q

Hosts remember the ARP results and keeps the information stored in the ARP _____ or ARP _____.

A

cache;

table

84
Q

You can see the contents of the ARP cache on most PC operating systems by using the _____ command from a command prompt.

A

arp-a

85
Q

The primary tool for testing basic network connectivity is the _____ command.

A

ping (packet internet groper)

86
Q

Ping uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), sending a message called an ICMP _____ _____ to another IP address.

A

echo request

87
Q

When a ping is received the computer with that IP address should reply with an ICMP _____ _____.

A

echo reply

ICND 1 (10 decks)

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