Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are attitudes?
People’s evaluations of aspects of the social world.
What is an attitude object?
The thing an attitude is about.
What are ambivalent attitudes?
Attitudes that are mixed, being both positive and negative.
What are values?
Enduring beliefs about important aspects of life that go beyond specific situations.
What are the 10 universal values?
Self-direction, universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation.
What are ideologies?
Interrelated and widely shared sets of beliefs that typically relate to social or political contexts.
What is the tripartite model of attitudes?
A model of the structure of attitudes which assumed that attitudes have three components: cognitive, affective (emotional) and behavioural.
What is attitude complexity?
The number of dimensions along which an attitude object is evaluated.
What is attitude function?
The study of why people have attitudes.
What is a schema?
A cognitive structure that represents information about a concept, its attributes and its relationship to other concepts.
What are the functions of attitudes?
Knowledge, utilitarianism, value expression, ego defense.
What is the mere exposure effect?
The more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more we tend to like it.
What is social learning?
People acquire their attitudes (as well as behaviours) often from others.
What is subliminal conditioning?
Classical conditioning that occurs outside the learner’s conscious awareness.
What is observational learning?
Individuals’ attitudes (and behaviours) are influenced by observing others.
What is attitude consistency?
People prefer to have harmonious, consistent thoughts and feelings towards the people and objects in their lives.
Describe the attitude triad.
The relationship between yourself, a person, and an attitude. If both of you agree on the attitude, the triad is balanced; if one of you disagrees about the attitude, the triad is unbalanced.
What is the social representation theory?
Theory that beliefs about the social world are formed through processes of social interaction.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Implicit attitudes are not expressed freely (may sometimes even not be known to the person).
What is an attitude scale?
A series of questions designed to gauge a person’s attitudes on a topic.
Name indirect measures of attitudes.
Bogus pipeline procedure, EMG, EEG, fMRI, implicit association tests.
What is an implicit association test?
Reaction time test that measures the strengths of automatic associations between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory.
What is the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model?
Model asserting that implicit and explicit attitudes are the behavioural outcomes of separate mental processes.
What defines attitude strength?
Accessibility, intensity, knowledge about the attitude object.
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Theory concerning how attitudes predict behaviour. It argues that several factors, including subjective norms, attitudes towards the behaviour and perceived behavioural control, determine behavioural intentions concerning the behaviour and, in turn, intentions strongly determine whether the behaviour is performed.
Theory of reasoned action
Predecessor to the theory of panned behaviour. It did not take perceived behavioural control into account as a predictor of intentions.
What is cognitive dissonance?
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their attitudes) are inconsistent with each other.
What conditions are necessary for people to recognize dissonance?
Realize that the inconsistency has negative consequences; take responsibility for the action; experience physiological arousal; attribute the physiological arousal to the action itself.
What is self-affirmation?
Restoring positive self-views when faced with cognitive dissonance.
What is post-decisional dissonance?
When you make a choice between two or more options, the fact that you have chosen one is dissonant with the fact that the other options also had appealing features.
What is hypocrisy?
Publicly supporting an attitude or behaviour and yet behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with the attitude or behaviour.
What is embodied social cognition?
An area of study where research shows broadly that bodily states influence attitudes, social perception and emotion.
What is proprioception?
The perception of the body’s position and movement.
What are emotions?
Brief, specific psychological and physical responses to an object or event.
What is the feelings-as-information perspective?
Theory proposing that people often rely on their feelings–often gut instincts–to guide important social judgements.
