Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are attitudes?
People’s evaluations of aspects of the social world.
What is an attitude object?
The thing an attitude is about.
What are ambivalent attitudes?
Attitudes that are mixed, being both positive and negative.
What are values?
Enduring beliefs about important aspects of life that go beyond specific situations.
What are the 10 universal values?
Self-direction, universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation.
What are ideologies?
Interrelated and widely shared sets of beliefs that typically relate to social or political contexts.
What is the tripartite model of attitudes?
A model of the structure of attitudes which assumed that attitudes have three components: cognitive, affective (emotional) and behavioural.
What is attitude complexity?
The number of dimensions along which an attitude object is evaluated.
What is attitude function?
The study of why people have attitudes.
What is a schema?
A cognitive structure that represents information about a concept, its attributes and its relationship to other concepts.
What are the functions of attitudes?
Knowledge, utilitarianism, value expression, ego defense.
What is the mere exposure effect?
The more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more we tend to like it.
What is social learning?
People acquire their attitudes (as well as behaviours) often from others.
What is subliminal conditioning?
Classical conditioning that occurs outside the learner’s conscious awareness.
What is observational learning?
Individuals’ attitudes (and behaviours) are influenced by observing others.
What is attitude consistency?
People prefer to have harmonious, consistent thoughts and feelings towards the people and objects in their lives.
Describe the attitude triad.
The relationship between yourself, a person, and an attitude. If both of you agree on the attitude, the triad is balanced; if one of you disagrees about the attitude, the triad is unbalanced.
What is the social representation theory?
Theory that beliefs about the social world are formed through processes of social interaction.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Implicit attitudes are not expressed freely (may sometimes even not be known to the person).
What is an attitude scale?
A series of questions designed to gauge a person’s attitudes on a topic.
Name indirect measures of attitudes.
Bogus pipeline procedure, EMG, EEG, fMRI, implicit association tests.
What is an implicit association test?
Reaction time test that measures the strengths of automatic associations between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory.
What is the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model?
Model asserting that implicit and explicit attitudes are the behavioural outcomes of separate mental processes.
What defines attitude strength?
Accessibility, intensity, knowledge about the attitude object.