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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Covering and lining membranes. Include the cutaneous membrane (skin), the mucous membranes, and the serous membranes. They all contain an epithelial sheet, but are always combined with underlying layer of connective tissue. Simple organs.

A

Epithelial Membrane

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2
Q

Your skin. Its superficial epidermis is composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue. It is exposed to air and is a dry membrane.

A

Cutaneous Membrane

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3
Q

Composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called a lamina propria. It lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. “Wet,” or moist, membranes that are almost continuously bathed in secretions. The epithelium is often adapted for absorption and secretion.

A

Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

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4
Q

Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. They line body cavities that are closed to the exterior. They occur in pairs. The parietal layer folds in on itself to form the visceral layer. The specific names are determined by their locations.

A

Serous Membranes (Serosa)

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5
Q

It lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.

A

Parietal Layer

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6
Q

It covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.

A

Visceral Layer

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7
Q

A scanty amount of thin, clear fluid that separates the layers in the body. It allows organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their routine functions.

A

Serous Fluid

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8
Q

The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs.

A

Peritoneum

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9
Q

The membrane surrounding the lungs.

A

Pleura

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10
Q

The membrane around the heart.

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

Composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. They line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid. They also line bursae and tubelike tendon sheaths.

A

Synovial Membranes

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12
Q

Small sacs of connective tissue.

A

Bursae

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13
Q

Cutaneous membrane. It serves a number of functions, mostly protective. Makes up the integumentary system.

A

Skin

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14
Q

Means “covering.” The skin is much more than an external body covering. It is absolutely essential because it keeps water and other precious molecules in the body. It also keeps water and other things out. It is pliable yet tough. Its functions include protection. It also insulates and cushions the deeper body organs and protects the entire body from mechanical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet radiation, and bacteria.

A

Integumentary System or Integument

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15
Q

Fills the uppermost layer of the skin. It is hardened to help prevent water loss from the body surface.

A

Keratin

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16
Q

A part of the nervous system. Located in the skin. TIny sensors, which include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain resceptors, that provide us with a great deal of information about our external environment. They alert us to bumps and the presence of tissue-damaging factors as well as to the feel of wind in our hair and a caress.

A

Cutaneous Sensory Receptors

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17
Q

Made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing. Outer skin.

A

Epidermis

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18
Q

Becoming hard and tough.

A

Keratinizing

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19
Q

Made up mostly of dense connective tissue. Underlying skin. It is a strong stretchy envelope that helps to hold the body together.

A

Dermis

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20
Q

A burn or friction may cause the dermis and epidermis to separate, allowing interstitial fluid to accumulate in the cavity between the layers, resulting in this.

A

Blister

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21
Q

Deep to the dermis. Adipose tissue. It is not considered part of the skin, but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs. It serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body. It is also responsible for the curves that are more a part of a woman’s anatomy than a man’s.

A

Subcutaneous Tissue or Hypodermis

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22
Q

The epidermis is composed of up to five layers called this. From the inside out, includes the stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

A

Strata

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23
Q

No blood supply of its own.

A

Avascular

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24
Q

Most of the cells of the epidermis. Produce keratin.

A

Keratinocytes

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25
Q

Deepest cell layer of the epidermis. It lies closest to the dermis and is connected to it along a wavy borderline that resembles corrugated cardboard. It contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis.

A

Stratum Basale

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26
Q

More superficial layer. The daughter cells become part of this first.

A

Stratum Spinosum

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27
Q

More superficial layer. The daughter cells become part of this second.

A

Stratum Granulosum

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28
Q

After the daughter cells die, they form this. Clear.

A

Stratum Lucidum

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29
Q

The outermost layer. 20 to 30 cell layers thick but it accounts for about three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.

A

Stratum Corneum

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30
Q

The shinglelike dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin.

A

Cornified or Horny Cells

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31
Q

A pigment that ranges in color for yellow to brown to black.

A

Melanin

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32
Q

Special spider-shaped cells that produce melanin. Found chiefly in the stratum basale.

A

Melanocytes

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33
Q

Seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot.

A

Freckles or Moles

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34
Q

Cold sore virus. People with this are more likely to have an eruption after overexposure to sun.

A

Herpes Simplex

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35
Q

The upper dermal region. It is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface.

A

Papillary Layer

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36
Q

The papillary layer’s superior surface. It indents the epidermis above. Many of it contain capillary loops, which furnish nutrients to the epidermis.

A

Dermal Papillae

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37
Q

Touch receptors.

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

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38
Q

Unique, identifying films of sweat left on anything they touch.

A

Fingerprints

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39
Q

Deepest skin layer. It contains blood vessels, sweat, and oil glands, and Pacinian Corpuscles.

A

Reticular Layer

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40
Q

Deep pressure receptors.

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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41
Q

Found throughout the dermis. They are responsible for the toughness of the dermis. They also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated.

A

Collagen Fibers

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42
Q

Found throughout the dermis. They give the skin its elasticity when we are young.

A

Elastic Fibers

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43
Q
  1. The amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or black) of melanin in the epidermis.
  2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.
  3. The amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels.
A

Three pigments that contribute to skin color

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44
Q

This may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

A

Redness or Erythema

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45
Q

This can occur under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others). It may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.

A

Pallor or Blanching

46
Q

An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues.

A

Jaundice

47
Q

These reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. An unusual tendency to this may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or hemophilia.

A

Bruises or Black-and-Blue Marks

48
Q

It includes cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails. Each of these arise from the epidermis and plays a unique role in maintaining body homeostasis.

A

Skin Appendages

49
Q

All exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts. The fall into 2 groups: sebaceous and sweat. As they are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they push into the deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis.

A

Cutaneous Glands

50
Q

Oil glands. They are found all over the skin, except on palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle, but some open directly into the skin surface. It makes sebum.

A

Sebaceous Glands

51
Q

The product of the sebaceous glands. A mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. A lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle. It also contains chemicals that kill bacteria.

A

Sebum

52
Q

Widely distributed in the skin. it includes more than 2.5 million per person. There are 2 types: eccrine and apocrine.

A

Sweat Glands or Sudoriferous Glands

53
Q

Type of sweat gland. It is far more numerous and are found all over the body. They produce sweat. They are an important and highly efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment.

A

Eccrine Glands

54
Q

A clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid (a chemical that accumulates during vigorous muscle activity). It is acidic. It typically reaches the skin via a duct that opens externally as a funnel-shaped pore.

A

Sweat

55
Q

A type of sweat gland. They are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body. They are usually larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts empty into hair follicles. Their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as well as all the substances present in eccrine secretion. They begin to function during puberty.

A

Apocrine Glands

56
Q

Millions of them scattered all over the body. They serve a few minor functions, such as guarding the head against bumps, shielding the eyes, and helping to keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tracts. It is a flexible epithelial structure. It is formed by division of the well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix of the hair bulb at the inferior end of the follicle. Come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

A

Hairs

57
Q

The part of the hair enclosed in a hair follicle.

A

Root

58
Q

The part of the hair projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin.

A

Shaft

59
Q

Growth zone of the hair.

A

Matrix

60
Q

Each hair consists of a central core called this.

A

Medulla

61
Q

Surrounds the medulla on a hair. A bulky layer.

A

Cortex

62
Q

Encloses the cortex. An outermost layer formed by a single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on a roof. The most heavily keratinized region. It provides strength and helps keep the inner hair layers tightly compacted.

A

Cuticle

63
Q

Compound structures. It is made up of the epidermal sheath, the dermal sheath, and the papilla.

A

Hair Follicles

64
Q

Inner layer of hair follicle. It is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair.

A

Epidermal Sheath

65
Q

Outer layer of hair follicle. It is actually dermal connective tissue. This dermal region supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

A

Dermal Sheath

66
Q

Nipplelike shape. It provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb.

A

Papilla

67
Q

Small bands of smooth muscle cells. It connects each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue.

A

Arrector Pili

68
Q

scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claww of other animals; has a free edge, a body, and a root

A

Nail

69
Q

the borders of the nail are overlapped by a skin folds called __________

A

nail fold

70
Q

thick proximal nail fold

A

cuticle

71
Q

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends benath the nail as the _______

A

nail bed

72
Q

the thickened proximal area of the nail bed responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

73
Q

Are nails and hairs mostly living or nonliving material?

A

Nonliving

74
Q

Why do nails look pink even though they are transparent and nearly colorless?

A

The rich blood supply in the underlying dermis gives nails their pink color.

75
Q

When the supply of oxygen in the blood is low, the nail beds take on a _________cast

A

Cyanotic (blue)

76
Q

Region over the thickened anil matrix that appears as a white cresent

A

Lunula

77
Q

an itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from fungus infection; also called tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s foot

78
Q

Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, common on the dorsal neck, typically caused by bacterial infection

A

Boils and carbuncles

79
Q

Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection; localizes in a cutanoues nerve where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation

A

Cold sores

80
Q

Itching, redness, and swelling of skin, progressing to blistering; caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke alergic responses in sensitive individuals

A

Contact dermatitis

81
Q

Pink, water-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; caused by a highly contagious staphylococcus infection; common in elementary school children

A

Impetigo

82
Q

A chronic condition characterized by overproduction of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed; believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues. attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress

A

Psoriasis

83
Q

tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as acids)

A

Burn

84
Q

inadequate circulation of blood caused by low blood volume

A

circulatory shock

85
Q

Method that divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area, plus an additional area surrounding the genitals (the perinuem) representing 1% of body suface

A

Rule of Nines

86
Q

How long is burned skin sterile for?

A

24 hours

87
Q

The patient’s immune system becomes depressed within _________ after a severe burn.

A

1-2 days

88
Q

burn where only the epidermis is damaged; the area becomes red and swollen

A

first-degree burn

89
Q

First degree burns usually heal in _______ without any special attention.

A

2-3 days

90
Q

What degree is a sunburn?

A

first-degree burn

91
Q

burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis; the skin is red and painful, and blisters appear

A

second-degree burn

92
Q

What are first and second-degree burns are referred to as?

A

Partial-thickness burns

93
Q

Burn that destroys the entire thickness of the skin.

A

third-degree burn

94
Q

What are third-degree burns are also referred to as?

A

Full-thickness burns

95
Q

In what type of burn is regeneration of skin cells not possible?

A

third-degree burn

96
Q

What 3 things make a burn considered critical?

A

Over 25% of the body has second degree burns, over 10% of the body has third degree burns, or if there are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

97
Q

What is the most common type of cancer in humans, with 1 in 5 developing it at sometime in their life?

A

Skin cancer

98
Q

The least malignant and most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

99
Q

Cancer that arises from the cells of the startum spinosum; the lesion appears as a scaly, reddened papule (small, rounded elevation) that gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border; most often on the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower lip

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

100
Q

Cance of the melanocytes; accounts for only about 5% of skin cancers; often deadly

A

Malignant melanoma

101
Q

What is the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma?

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter

102
Q

The two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match

A

Asymmetry

103
Q

The borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentation

A

Border irregularity

104
Q

The pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds)

A

Color

105
Q

The spot is larger than 6 millimeters

A

Diameter

105
Q

The soon-to-be-born infant is covered with this downy type of hair; this hairy cloak is usually shed by birth

A

Lanugo

106
Q

When a baby is born, it is covered with this white, cheesy-looking substance, produced by the sebaceous glands, protects the baby’s skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother

A

Vernix caseosa

107
Q

Accumulations in the sebaceous glands that appear as small white spots

A

Milia

108
Q

Skin inflammation

A

Dermatitis

109
Q

Hair thinning and some degree of baldness

A

Alopecia

110
Q

When many men become obviously bald as they age

A

Male pattern baldness

111
Q

Wool like hairs

A

Vellus

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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