Chapter 4

Question 1

Covering and lining membranes. Include the cutaneous membrane (skin), the mucous membranes, and the serous membranes. They all contain an epithelial sheet, but are always combined with underlying layer of connective tissue. Simple organs.

Answer 1

Epithelial Membrane

Question 2

Your skin. Its superficial epidermis is composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue. It is exposed to air and is a dry membrane.

Answer 2

Cutaneous Membrane

Question 3

Composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called a lamina propria. It lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. “Wet,” or moist, membranes that are almost continuously bathed in secretions. The epithelium is often adapted for absorption and secretion.

Answer 3

Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

Question 4

Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. They line body cavities that are closed to the exterior. They occur in pairs. The parietal layer folds in on itself to form the visceral layer. The specific names are determined by their locations.

Answer 4

Serous Membranes (Serosa)

Question 5

It lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.

Answer 5

Parietal Layer

Question 6

It covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.

Answer 6

Visceral Layer

Question 7

A scanty amount of thin, clear fluid that separates the layers in the body. It allows organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their routine functions.

Answer 7

Serous Fluid

Question 8

The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs.

Answer 8

Peritoneum

Question 9

The membrane surrounding the lungs.

Answer 9

Pleura

Question 10

The membrane around the heart.

Answer 10

Pericardium

Question 11

Composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. They line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid. They also line bursae and tubelike tendon sheaths.

Answer 11

Synovial Membranes

Question 12

Small sacs of connective tissue.

Answer 12

Bursae

Question 13

Cutaneous membrane. It serves a number of functions, mostly protective. Makes up the integumentary system.

Answer 13

Skin

Question 14

Means “covering.” The skin is much more than an external body covering. It is absolutely essential because it keeps water and other precious molecules in the body. It also keeps water and other things out. It is pliable yet tough. Its functions include protection. It also insulates and cushions the deeper body organs and protects the entire body from mechanical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet radiation, and bacteria.

Answer 14

Integumentary System or Integument

Question 15

Fills the uppermost layer of the skin. It is hardened to help prevent water loss from the body surface.

Answer 15

Keratin

Question 16

A part of the nervous system. Located in the skin. TIny sensors, which include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain resceptors, that provide us with a great deal of information about our external environment. They alert us to bumps and the presence of tissue-damaging factors as well as to the feel of wind in our hair and a caress.

Answer 16

Cutaneous Sensory Receptors

Question 17

Made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing. Outer skin.

Answer 17

Epidermis

Question 18

Becoming hard and tough.

Answer 18

Keratinizing

Question 19

Made up mostly of dense connective tissue. Underlying skin. It is a strong stretchy envelope that helps to hold the body together.

Answer 19

Dermis

Question 20

A burn or friction may cause the dermis and epidermis to separate, allowing interstitial fluid to accumulate in the cavity between the layers, resulting in this.

Answer 20

Blister

Question 21

Deep to the dermis. Adipose tissue. It is not considered part of the skin, but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs. It serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body. It is also responsible for the curves that are more a part of a woman’s anatomy than a man’s.

Answer 21

Subcutaneous Tissue or Hypodermis

Question 22

The epidermis is composed of up to five layers called this. From the inside out, includes the stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

Answer 22

Strata

Question 23

No blood supply of its own.

Answer 23

Avascular

Question 24

Most of the cells of the epidermis. Produce keratin.

Answer 24

Keratinocytes

Question 25

Deepest cell layer of the epidermis. It lies closest to the dermis and is connected to it along a wavy borderline that resembles corrugated cardboard. It contains epidermal cells that receive the most adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis.

Answer 25

Stratum Basale

Question 26

More superficial layer. The daughter cells become part of this first.

Answer 26

Stratum Spinosum

Question 27

More superficial layer. The daughter cells become part of this second.

Answer 27

Stratum Granulosum

Question 28

After the daughter cells die, they form this. Clear.

Answer 28

Stratum Lucidum

Question 29

The outermost layer. 20 to 30 cell layers thick but it accounts for about three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.

Answer 29

Stratum Corneum

Question 30

The shinglelike dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin.

Answer 30

Cornified or Horny Cells

Question 31

A pigment that ranges in color for yellow to brown to black.

Answer 31

Melanin

Question 32

Special spider-shaped cells that produce melanin. Found chiefly in the stratum basale.

Answer 32

Melanocytes

Question 33

Seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot.

Answer 33

Freckles or Moles

Question 34

Cold sore virus. People with this are more likely to have an eruption after overexposure to sun.

Answer 34

Herpes Simplex

Question 35

The upper dermal region. It is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface.

Answer 35

Papillary Layer

Question 36

The papillary layer's superior surface. It indents the epidermis above. Many of it contain capillary loops, which furnish nutrients to the epidermis.

Answer 36

Dermal Papillae

Question 37

Touch receptors.

Answer 37

Meissner's Corpuscles

Question 38

Unique, identifying films of sweat left on anything they touch.

Answer 38

Fingerprints

Question 39

Deepest skin layer. It contains blood vessels, sweat, and oil glands, and Pacinian Corpuscles.

Answer 39

Reticular Layer

Question 40

Deep pressure receptors.

Answer 40

Pacinian Corpuscles

Question 41

Found throughout the dermis. They are responsible for the toughness of the dermis. They also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated.

Answer 41

Collagen Fibers

Question 42

Found throughout the dermis. They give the skin its elasticity when we are young.

Answer 42

Elastic Fibers

Question 43

1. The amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or black) of melanin in the epidermis. 2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue. 3. The amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels.

Answer 43

Three pigments that contribute to skin color

Question 44

This may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

Answer 44

Redness or Erythema

Question 45

This can occur under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others). It may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.

Answer 45

Pallor or Blanching

Question 46

An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues.

Answer 46

Jaundice

Question 47

These reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. An unusual tendency to this may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or hemophilia.

Answer 47

Bruises or Black-and-Blue Marks

Question 48

It includes cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails. Each of these arise from the epidermis and plays a unique role in maintaining body homeostasis.

Answer 48

Skin Appendages

Question 49

All exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts. The fall into 2 groups: sebaceous and sweat. As they are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they push into the deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis.

Answer 49

Cutaneous Glands

Question 50

Oil glands. They are found all over the skin, except on palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle, but some open directly into the skin surface. It makes sebum.

Answer 50

Sebaceous Glands

Question 51

The product of the sebaceous glands. A mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. A lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle. It also contains chemicals that kill bacteria.

Answer 51

Sebum

Question 52

Widely distributed in the skin. it includes more than 2.5 million per person. There are 2 types: eccrine and apocrine.

Answer 52

Sweat Glands or Sudoriferous Glands

Question 53

Type of sweat gland. It is far more numerous and are found all over the body. They produce sweat. They are an important and highly efficient part of the body's heat-regulating equipment.

Answer 53

Eccrine Glands

Question 54

A clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid (a chemical that accumulates during vigorous muscle activity). It is acidic. It typically reaches the skin via a duct that opens externally as a funnel-shaped pore.

Answer 54

Sweat

Question 55

A type of sweat gland. They are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body. They are usually larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts empty into hair follicles. Their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as well as all the substances present in eccrine secretion. They begin to function during puberty.

Answer 55

Apocrine Glands

Question 56

Millions of them scattered all over the body. They serve a few minor functions, such as guarding the head against bumps, shielding the eyes, and helping to keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tracts. It is a flexible epithelial structure. It is formed by division of the well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix of the hair bulb at the inferior end of the follicle. Come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

Answer 56

Hairs

Question 57

The part of the hair enclosed in a hair follicle.

Answer 57

Root

Question 58

The part of the hair projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin.

Answer 58

Shaft

Question 59

Growth zone of the hair.

Answer 59

Matrix

Question 60

Each hair consists of a central core called this.

Answer 60

Medulla

Question 61

Surrounds the medulla on a hair. A bulky layer.

Answer 61

Cortex

Question 62

Encloses the cortex. An outermost layer formed by a single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on a roof. The most heavily keratinized region. It provides strength and helps keep the inner hair layers tightly compacted.

Answer 62

Cuticle

Question 63

Compound structures. It is made up of the epidermal sheath, the dermal sheath, and the papilla.

Answer 63

Hair Follicles

Question 64

Inner layer of hair follicle. It is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair.

Answer 64

Epidermal Sheath

Question 65

Outer layer of hair follicle. It is actually dermal connective tissue. This dermal region supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

Answer 65

Dermal Sheath

Question 66

Nipplelike shape. It provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb.

Answer 66

Papilla

Question 67

Small bands of smooth muscle cells. It connects each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue.

Answer 67

Arrector Pili

Question 68

scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claww of other animals; has a free edge, a body, and a root

Answer 68

Nail

Question 69

the borders of the nail are overlapped by a skin folds called __________

Answer 69

nail fold

Question 70

thick proximal nail fold

Answer 70

cuticle

Question 71

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends benath the nail as the _______

Answer 71

nail bed

Question 72

the thickened proximal area of the nail bed responsible for nail growth

Answer 72

nail matrix

Question 73

Are nails and hairs mostly living or nonliving material?

Answer 73

Nonliving

Question 74

Why do nails look pink even though they are transparent and nearly colorless?

Answer 74

The rich blood supply in the underlying dermis gives nails their pink color.

Question 75

When the supply of oxygen in the blood is low, the nail beds take on a _________cast

Answer 75

Cyanotic (blue)

Question 76

Region over the thickened anil matrix that appears as a white cresent

Answer 76

Lunula

Question 77

an itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from fungus infection; also called tinea pedis

Answer 77

Athlete's foot

Question 78

Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, common on the dorsal neck, typically caused by bacterial infection

Answer 78

Boils and carbuncles

Question 79

Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection; localizes in a cutanoues nerve where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation

Answer 79

Cold sores

Question 80

Itching, redness, and swelling of skin, progressing to blistering; caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that provoke alergic responses in sensitive individuals

Answer 80

Contact dermatitis

Question 81

Pink, water-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; caused by a highly contagious staphylococcus infection; common in elementary school children

Answer 81

Impetigo

Question 82

A chronic condition characterized by overproduction of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed; believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person's own tissues. attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress

Answer 82

Psoriasis

Question 83

tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as acids)

Answer 83

Burn

Question 84

inadequate circulation of blood caused by low blood volume

Answer 84

circulatory shock

Question 85

Method that divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area, plus an additional area surrounding the genitals (the perinuem) representing 1% of body suface

Answer 85

Rule of Nines

Question 86

How long is burned skin sterile for?

Answer 86

24 hours

Question 87

The patient's immune system becomes depressed within _________ after a severe burn.

Answer 87

1-2 days

Question 88

burn where only the epidermis is damaged; the area becomes red and swollen

Answer 88

first-degree burn

Question 89

First degree burns usually heal in _______ without any special attention.

Answer 89

2-3 days

Question 90

What degree is a sunburn?

Answer 90

first-degree burn

Question 91

burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis; the skin is red and painful, and blisters appear

Answer 91

second-degree burn

Question 92

What are first and second-degree burns are referred to as?

Answer 92

Partial-thickness burns

Question 93

Burn that destroys the entire thickness of the skin.

Answer 93

third-degree burn

Question 94

What are third-degree burns are also referred to as?

Answer 94

Full-thickness burns

Question 95

In what type of burn is regeneration of skin cells not possible?

Answer 95

third-degree burn

Question 96

What 3 things make a burn considered critical?

Answer 96

Over 25% of the body has second degree burns, over 10% of the body has third degree burns, or if there are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

Question 97

What is the most common type of cancer in humans, with 1 in 5 developing it at sometime in their life?

Answer 97

Skin cancer

Question 98

The least malignant and most common skin cancer

Answer 98

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 99

Cancer that arises from the cells of the startum spinosum; the lesion appears as a scaly, reddened papule (small, rounded elevation) that gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border; most often on the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower lip

Answer 99

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 100

Cance of the melanocytes; accounts for only about 5% of skin cancers; often deadly

Answer 100

Malignant melanoma

Question 101

What is the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma?

Answer 101

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter

Question 102

The two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match

Answer 102

Asymmetry

Question 103

The borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentation

Answer 103

Border irregularity

Question 104

The pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds)

Answer 104

Color

Question 105

The spot is larger than 6 millimeters

Answer 105

Diameter

Question 105

The soon-to-be-born infant is covered with this downy type of hair; this hairy cloak is usually shed by birth

Answer 105

Lanugo

Question 106

When a baby is born, it is covered with this white, cheesy-looking substance, produced by the sebaceous glands, protects the baby's skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother

Answer 106

Vernix caseosa

Question 107

Accumulations in the sebaceous glands that appear as small white spots

Answer 107

Milia

Question 108

Skin inflammation

Answer 108

Dermatitis

Question 109

Hair thinning and some degree of baldness

Answer 109

Alopecia

Question 110

When many men become obviously bald as they age

Answer 110

Male pattern baldness

Question 111

Wool like hairs

Answer 111

Vellus