Chapter 4

Question 1

Typical rates of growth in early childhood (weight & height)

Answer 1

Height will typically increase 2 to 3 inches per year and the child will gain around 5 pounds per year

Question 2

Variations and the rates of growth in early childhood( racial and ethnic differences)

Answer 2

African-American children are typically taller, Hispanic American children tend to weigh more on average. Great variation exists

Question 3

Two forms of malnutrition

Answer 3

1) obesity

2) undernutrition

Question 4

Rate and size of brain development in early childhood

Answer 4

Rain continues to develop rapidly but not as quickly as during infancy. Interconnections between brain cells increase motor and cognitive abilities, and lateralization. By age 5 the brain is 90% of its adult size

Question 5

Piaget’s pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs)

Answer 5

Symbolic representation(through play children learn to use symbols & imitation) imitating others ; deferred imitation (what they’ve seen way earlier); engage in imaginary activities; objects have names; egocentrism

Question 6

Egocentrism

Answer 6

The preoperational child’s difficulty he taking another’s point of view/perspective

Question 7

STAGE 3 of psychosocial theory,

Answer 7

Initiative vs Guilt (3-6yrs)
Exploring environments
Family relationships 
Roles
Accept parental limits/discipline 
Gender identity ( norms/standards/expectations)
Peers
How to play

Question 8

STAGE 3 of psychosocial theory
Initiative vs Guilt
positive & negative outcomes

Answer 8

(+) 
Want to learn
Want to participate in activities
Enjoy achievement
Sense of competency
Purpose(individual initiative + Willingness to cooperate with others

(-)
Sense of guilt
Confusion about family roles, gender, and what they see
Self-centered not willing to engage with others

Question 9

Moral code

Answer 9

Moral compass; knowledge of the communities values and ethnic Norms – ethics

Question 10

The components of moral development during early childhood

Answer 10

Knowledge: of moral code of the community and how to use that knowledge to make moral judgments

Emotions: that produce both the capacity to care about the other and the capacity to feel guilt and remorse

Actions: to inhibit negative impulses as well as to behave in prosocial, or helpful and emphatic manner

Question 11

Prosocial behavior

Answer 11

___are those intended to help other people. It is categorized by a concern about the rights, feelings and welfare of other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in ways that help/benefit others

Question 12

Two key ingredients for moral development

Answer 12

Empathy – the ability to understand another person’s emotional condition

Perspective taking – the ability to see your situation from another persons point of view

Question 13

Mirror neuron and what it does

Answer 13

Key to the development of empathy. It allows us to send the move another person is about to make and the motions here she is experiencing. It allows us to feel what the other person feels through a brain to brain connection

Question 14

Self-esteem

Answer 14

No way one evaluate self in relation to others

Question 15

Self theory

Answer 15

And organized understand of the self in relation to other, begins to develop in early childhood

Question 16

Impact of gender roles in childhood

Answer 16

Socially constructed, culturally based; stereotype; treated differently from birth; organize social life-roles-norms-expectations

Question 17

Kohlberg’s Gender Schema Theory- how gender is organized

Answer 17

Gender labeling (2-3yrs) boys or girls
Gender stability- gender consistency
Binary

Question 18

Transgender

Answer 18

Scribes people who identify themselves as another gender then the gender assigned to at birth

Question 19

Intersex

Answer 19

Born with external genitalia not easily classified as male/female (determined at birth/puberty)

Question 20

When and how children begin to identify their own race

Answer 20

Children identify their own race before others. By the age of three, they identify race

Question 21

Symbolic play

Answer 21

Around the age 2. The ability of children to use objects, actions or ideas to represent other objects, actions or ideas as play.

Ex. A child may push a block around the floor as a car or put it in his ear as a cell phone.(fantasy play/pretend play)

Question 22

Sociodramatic play:

Answer 22

Children ages 2 to 6 take on various roles and plots, taking on any identity, role, or activity they choose. Fantasy play in the group coordinating fantasies; important type of play in early childhood

Question 23

4 parenting styles

Answer 23

Authoritarian(high control and little warmth)

Authoritative(fair control & warmth)

Indulgent/permissive (warm & no control)

Disengaged/uninvolved & neglectful (no warmth and no control)

Question 24

Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 24

Insists on conformity to the rules & norms of family
Establishes rules and ideas about the child’s behavior
No consideration of child’s needs/wishes
Child becomes unhappy, low self esteem, aggressive, hostile, moody, difficulty managing stress

Question 25

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 25

Provide consistent support
Consider child's viewpoint
Explain rules and discuss
Compromise 
Encouraging child to be independent 
Higher grades, responsible, self-reliant, friendly, social competence

Question 26

Indulgent/permissive parenting style

Answer 26

Not much structure or control
Make few demands
Infrequent punishment
Impulsive and little self control, cheerful, overly dependent, low levels of self reliance

Question 27

Disengaged/uninvolved & neglectful parenting style

Answer 27

No emotional involvement
Little time spent with child
No/little structure or control over the child
Low self esteem, poor self control, poor grades, immaturity, social incompetent and aggressive

Question 28

Effects of poverty on children in early childhood

Answer 28

Delayed in language and other cognitive skills. Appears to be long-lasting. Less likely to complete school. High risk of low self-esteem, peer conflict, depression and childhood psychological disorders

Other risk factors are; overwhelmed parents, violence, deteriorated housing and childhood psychological disorders

Question 29

4 types of child maltreatment

Answer 29

Physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, emotional/psychological abuse

Question 30

Most frequent type of abuse in US

Answer 30

NEGLECT 79% experienced