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Phychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Distorted perceptions of reality are also called:____? Give some examples of these.

A

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (EX: MEDITATION, EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS, SLEEP, DREAMS, DAYDREAMS)

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2
Q

What does EEG stand for? What is an EEG used for? How does it work? Who invented it?

A

ELECRONENCENCEPHALOGRAM; MEASURES BRAINWAVES; INDICATED FREQUENCIES AND AMPLITUDES OF BRAINWAVES; INVENTED BY BERGER

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3
Q

Know the facts we covered on the slides about each stage of sleep.

A

STAGES 1-4: NON-REM SLEEP; AS YOU PROGRESS THROUGH THESE STAGES, BRAIN AND BODY ACTIVITY DECREASE
STAGE 1 HYPNAGOGIC STATE BRIEF PHOTO-LIKE IMAGES CAN BE EASILY AWAKENED
STAGE 2 “TRUE SLEEP” SLEEP SPINDLES BRIEF BURSTS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY DEPRIVATION MAY AFFECT LEARNING TASKS
STAGE 3 “SLOW-WAVE” SLEEP
STAGE 4 “DEEP SLEEP” HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND BREATHING ARE AT LOWEST LEVELS DIFFICULT TO WAKE UP SLEEPWALKING USUALLY OCCURS

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4
Q

How long is a typical sleep cycle?

A

90 MINS

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5
Q

If you don’t get enough REM sleep, what might this affect?

A

BEING REM-DEPRIVED INTERFERES WITH MEMORY

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6
Q

What are the differences we discussed between nightmares and night terrors?

A

NIGHTMARES IN REM ALL AGE GROUPS MAY REMEMBER EVERYBODY HAS THEM, NIGHT TERROR STAGE 4 MORE COMMON IN KIDS RELATIVELY RARE SIT UP AND SCREAM NO MEMORY

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7
Q

What is somnambulism? Who does it affect and when does it happen?

A

SLEEPWALKING; MORE COMMON IN CHILDREN 4% ADULTS; HAPPENS IN DEEP SLEEP

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8
Q

In response to the ongoing use of addictive drugs, what happens to our dopamine receptors?

A

THE BRAIN REDUCES THE NUMBER OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS SO IT TAKES MORE OF THE DRUG O GET THE SAME EFFECT

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9
Q

Know the facts about secondhand smoke.

A

42,000 ADULTS DIE EACH YEAR IN THE U.S., CAUSE OF SIDS DEATHS IN INFANTS AND CANCER IN CHILDREN

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10
Q

What are examples of hallucinogenics we discussed in class? Do they lead to psychological or physiological dependence?

A

LSD; MESCALINE; MARIJUANA; LEAD TO TOLERANCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

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11
Q

What are the negative side effects of using marijuana? What were the findings of the study on marijuana and IQ?

A

ELEVATED MOOD AND MILD HALLUCINATIONS, ANXIETY, CONFUSION, PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS, IMPACT INTELLIGENCE; AVERAGE OF 8 POINTS IN IQ BETWEEN AGE 13 AND AGE 38. THE LOST COGNITIVE ABILITIES WERE NOT FULLY RESTORED IN THOSE WHO QUIT AS ADULTS

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12
Q

What is the definition of “learning”?

A

A RELATIVELY PERMANENT CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR OR KNOWLEDGE THAT ARISES FROM PRACTICE OR EXPERIENCE

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13
Q

What is the definition of “conditioning”?

A

THE PROCESS OF LEARNING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES

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14
Q

What is “extinction”?

A

PROCESS BY WHICH A CS LOSES THE ABILITY TO ELICIT THE CR; OCCURS BECAUSE THE CS IS NO LONGER PAIRED WITH THE UCS

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15
Q

What is “spontaneous recovery”?

A

CS IS PRESENTED WITHOUT UCS AND THE CR RETURNS

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16
Q

What is “flooding” and “systematic desensitization”?

A

PRESENTING FEAR-EVOKING STIMULUS CONTINUOUSLY IN ABSENCE OF ACTUAL HARM

17
Q

What is an “operant”?

A

BEHAVIOR THAT OPERATES ON (OR MANIPULATES) THE ENVIRONMENT

18
Q

What is the definition of “operant conditioning”?

A

A FORM OF LEARNING IN WHICH THE PROBABILITY THAT A RESPONSE WILL BE REPEATED INCREASES BY MANIPULATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE RESPONSE

19
Q

What is a “reinforcer”? How is a positive reinforcer different from a negative reinforcer?

A

ANY STIMULUS THAT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY THAT REPONSES PRECEDING IT WILL BE REPEATED; POSITIVE INCREASE THE PROBABILITY THE BEHAVIOR WILL OCCUR WHEN APPLIED NEGATIVE INCREASE THE PROBABLITY OF A BEHAVIOR WHEN REMOVED

20
Q

Which is more effective: punishment or reinforcement?

A

REINFORCEMENT IS MORE EFFECTIVE

21
Q

Be able to correctly identify examples of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment.

A

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: REWARDING A CHILD FOR A DESIRED BEHAVIOR EX: TAKING CHILD TO A MOVIE FOR COMPLETING HER CHORES
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: REINFORCEMENT BY REMOVING AN UNWATED STIMULUS EX: IF CHILD GETS OTHER CHORES DONE ON TIME, HE DOESN’T HAVE TO TAKE OUT THE GARBAGE.
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: TAKING AWAY A DESIRED STIMULUS EX: TAKING AWAY A CHILD’S FAVORITE GAME AFTER HIS MISBEHAVIOR
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: YELLING AT AN EMPLOYEE WHO MADE A MISTAKE

22
Q

What is “shaping”? How did Skinner use shaping in the video we watched in class?

A

A PROCEDURE FOR TEACHING COMPLEX BEHAVIORS BY REINFORCING APPROXIMATIONS OF THE TARGET BEHAVIOR

23
Q

When did Bandura conduct his bobo doll study?

A

1965

24
Q

In Bandura’s study, how many treatment groups were there? What did the children in each treatment group see on the video?

A

3 TREATMENT GROUPS
GROUP 1: SAW HE ADULT GET REWARDED
GROUP 2: SAW THE ADULT GET PUNISHED
GROUP 3: SAW NO CONSEQUENCES FOR ADULT

25
Q

Children in which treatment groups had the highest incidents of aggression against the bobo doll?

A

GROUP 1 HIGHEST AGGRESSION

26
Q

Which treatment group showed the least aggression towards bobo?

A

GROUP 2 LOWEST AGGRESSION

27
Q

Based on Bandura’s findings, what can we conclude about: (a) Freud’s theory on aggression, (b) Behaviorism’s proposal that people cannot learn by observation, (c) Behaviorism’s proposal that in order to learn a person must be personally reinforced/punished for their own actions.

A

CHILDREN LEARNED BY OBSERVING; CHILDREN DID NOT HAVE TO PREFORM THE BEHAVIOR TO LEARN; CHILDREN WERE MORE LIKELY TO IMITATE THE BEHAVIOR IF MODEL WAS REINFORCED

28
Q

What are the three stages of information processing?

A

ENCODING; STORAGE; RETRIEVAL

29
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

SENSORY MEMORY; SHORT-TERM OR WORKING MEMORY; LONG-TERM MEMORY

30
Q

Why is short-term memory also called “working” memory? How long can info be held in short-term memory? What did George Miller discover about the capacity of short-term memory, and what does more current research say? What is maintenance rehearsal and how does it relate to short-term memory?

A

UP TO 20 SECS WITHOUT REHEARSAL; MILLER 7+-2 ITEMS; CURRENT 4+-1; MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL- REPEATING INFO TO KEEP IT IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY; MUST ROCESS IT TO LONG-TERM MEORY TO RETAIN LONGER

31
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory? What is the best way to encode info to store it?

A

UNLIMITED; ELABORATIVE REHERSAL

32
Q

What are the 3 types of info stored in long-term memory?

A

PROCEDURAL MEMORY; SEMANTIC MEMORY’ EPISODIC MEMORY

33
Q

What are the theories of forgetting? Be able to define each theory. Know the two types of interference.

A

EBBINGHAUS- FORGETTING CURVE; ENCODING FAILURE- IT NEVER GOT INTO LONG-TERM MEMORY; DECAY THEORY- FALSE BASED ON RESEARCH; INTERFERENCE THEORY- SIMILAR NEW MEMORIES INTERFERE WITH THE OLDER MEMORY; MOTIVATED FORGETTING-SUPPRESSION AND REPRESSION

Phychology (1 decks)

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