Chapter 4 Flashcards
Distorted perceptions of reality are also called:____? Give some examples of these.
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (EX: MEDITATION, EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS, SLEEP, DREAMS, DAYDREAMS)
What does EEG stand for? What is an EEG used for? How does it work? Who invented it?
ELECRONENCENCEPHALOGRAM; MEASURES BRAINWAVES; INDICATED FREQUENCIES AND AMPLITUDES OF BRAINWAVES; INVENTED BY BERGER
Know the facts we covered on the slides about each stage of sleep.
STAGES 1-4: NON-REM SLEEP; AS YOU PROGRESS THROUGH THESE STAGES, BRAIN AND BODY ACTIVITY DECREASE
STAGE 1 HYPNAGOGIC STATE BRIEF PHOTO-LIKE IMAGES CAN BE EASILY AWAKENED
STAGE 2 “TRUE SLEEP” SLEEP SPINDLES BRIEF BURSTS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY DEPRIVATION MAY AFFECT LEARNING TASKS
STAGE 3 “SLOW-WAVE” SLEEP
STAGE 4 “DEEP SLEEP” HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND BREATHING ARE AT LOWEST LEVELS DIFFICULT TO WAKE UP SLEEPWALKING USUALLY OCCURS
How long is a typical sleep cycle?
90 MINS
If you don’t get enough REM sleep, what might this affect?
BEING REM-DEPRIVED INTERFERES WITH MEMORY
What are the differences we discussed between nightmares and night terrors?
NIGHTMARES IN REM ALL AGE GROUPS MAY REMEMBER EVERYBODY HAS THEM, NIGHT TERROR STAGE 4 MORE COMMON IN KIDS RELATIVELY RARE SIT UP AND SCREAM NO MEMORY
What is somnambulism? Who does it affect and when does it happen?
SLEEPWALKING; MORE COMMON IN CHILDREN 4% ADULTS; HAPPENS IN DEEP SLEEP
In response to the ongoing use of addictive drugs, what happens to our dopamine receptors?
THE BRAIN REDUCES THE NUMBER OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS SO IT TAKES MORE OF THE DRUG O GET THE SAME EFFECT
Know the facts about secondhand smoke.
42,000 ADULTS DIE EACH YEAR IN THE U.S., CAUSE OF SIDS DEATHS IN INFANTS AND CANCER IN CHILDREN
What are examples of hallucinogenics we discussed in class? Do they lead to psychological or physiological dependence?
LSD; MESCALINE; MARIJUANA; LEAD TO TOLERANCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
What are the negative side effects of using marijuana? What were the findings of the study on marijuana and IQ?
ELEVATED MOOD AND MILD HALLUCINATIONS, ANXIETY, CONFUSION, PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS, IMPACT INTELLIGENCE; AVERAGE OF 8 POINTS IN IQ BETWEEN AGE 13 AND AGE 38. THE LOST COGNITIVE ABILITIES WERE NOT FULLY RESTORED IN THOSE WHO QUIT AS ADULTS
What is the definition of “learning”?
A RELATIVELY PERMANENT CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR OR KNOWLEDGE THAT ARISES FROM PRACTICE OR EXPERIENCE
What is the definition of “conditioning”?
THE PROCESS OF LEARNING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES
What is “extinction”?
PROCESS BY WHICH A CS LOSES THE ABILITY TO ELICIT THE CR; OCCURS BECAUSE THE CS IS NO LONGER PAIRED WITH THE UCS
What is “spontaneous recovery”?
CS IS PRESENTED WITHOUT UCS AND THE CR RETURNS
What is “flooding” and “systematic desensitization”?
PRESENTING FEAR-EVOKING STIMULUS CONTINUOUSLY IN ABSENCE OF ACTUAL HARM
What is an “operant”?
BEHAVIOR THAT OPERATES ON (OR MANIPULATES) THE ENVIRONMENT
What is the definition of “operant conditioning”?
A FORM OF LEARNING IN WHICH THE PROBABILITY THAT A RESPONSE WILL BE REPEATED INCREASES BY MANIPULATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE RESPONSE
What is a “reinforcer”? How is a positive reinforcer different from a negative reinforcer?
ANY STIMULUS THAT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY THAT REPONSES PRECEDING IT WILL BE REPEATED; POSITIVE INCREASE THE PROBABILITY THE BEHAVIOR WILL OCCUR WHEN APPLIED NEGATIVE INCREASE THE PROBABLITY OF A BEHAVIOR WHEN REMOVED
Which is more effective: punishment or reinforcement?
REINFORCEMENT IS MORE EFFECTIVE
Be able to correctly identify examples of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: REWARDING A CHILD FOR A DESIRED BEHAVIOR EX: TAKING CHILD TO A MOVIE FOR COMPLETING HER CHORES
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: REINFORCEMENT BY REMOVING AN UNWATED STIMULUS EX: IF CHILD GETS OTHER CHORES DONE ON TIME, HE DOESN’T HAVE TO TAKE OUT THE GARBAGE.
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: TAKING AWAY A DESIRED STIMULUS EX: TAKING AWAY A CHILD’S FAVORITE GAME AFTER HIS MISBEHAVIOR
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: YELLING AT AN EMPLOYEE WHO MADE A MISTAKE
What is “shaping”? How did Skinner use shaping in the video we watched in class?
A PROCEDURE FOR TEACHING COMPLEX BEHAVIORS BY REINFORCING APPROXIMATIONS OF THE TARGET BEHAVIOR
When did Bandura conduct his bobo doll study?
1965
In Bandura’s study, how many treatment groups were there? What did the children in each treatment group see on the video?
3 TREATMENT GROUPS
GROUP 1: SAW HE ADULT GET REWARDED
GROUP 2: SAW THE ADULT GET PUNISHED
GROUP 3: SAW NO CONSEQUENCES FOR ADULT
Children in which treatment groups had the highest incidents of aggression against the bobo doll?
GROUP 1 HIGHEST AGGRESSION
Which treatment group showed the least aggression towards bobo?
GROUP 2 LOWEST AGGRESSION
Based on Bandura’s findings, what can we conclude about: (a) Freud’s theory on aggression, (b) Behaviorism’s proposal that people cannot learn by observation, (c) Behaviorism’s proposal that in order to learn a person must be personally reinforced/punished for their own actions.
CHILDREN LEARNED BY OBSERVING; CHILDREN DID NOT HAVE TO PREFORM THE BEHAVIOR TO LEARN; CHILDREN WERE MORE LIKELY TO IMITATE THE BEHAVIOR IF MODEL WAS REINFORCED
What are the three stages of information processing?
ENCODING; STORAGE; RETRIEVAL
What are the three stages of memory?
SENSORY MEMORY; SHORT-TERM OR WORKING MEMORY; LONG-TERM MEMORY
Why is short-term memory also called “working” memory? How long can info be held in short-term memory? What did George Miller discover about the capacity of short-term memory, and what does more current research say? What is maintenance rehearsal and how does it relate to short-term memory?
UP TO 20 SECS WITHOUT REHEARSAL; MILLER 7+-2 ITEMS; CURRENT 4+-1; MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL- REPEATING INFO TO KEEP IT IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY; MUST ROCESS IT TO LONG-TERM MEORY TO RETAIN LONGER
What is the capacity of long-term memory? What is the best way to encode info to store it?
UNLIMITED; ELABORATIVE REHERSAL
What are the 3 types of info stored in long-term memory?
PROCEDURAL MEMORY; SEMANTIC MEMORY’ EPISODIC MEMORY
What are the theories of forgetting? Be able to define each theory. Know the two types of interference.
EBBINGHAUS- FORGETTING CURVE; ENCODING FAILURE- IT NEVER GOT INTO LONG-TERM MEMORY; DECAY THEORY- FALSE BASED ON RESEARCH; INTERFERENCE THEORY- SIMILAR NEW MEMORIES INTERFERE WITH THE OLDER MEMORY; MOTIVATED FORGETTING-SUPPRESSION AND REPRESSION
