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chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Overland flow definition

A

the flow of water that occurs when excess storm-water, melt-water, or other sources flows over the earth’s surface.

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2
Q

overland flow might occur becauses

A
  1. either soil is saturated to full capacity,
  2. rain arrives more quickly than soil can absorb it,
  3. or impervious areas (roofs, pavement and cities concrete) send their runoff to surrounding soil that cannot absorb all of it.
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3
Q

overland flow cause

A

soil erosion by water.

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4
Q

overland flow is also called ………………………… and it means…………………..

A

a nonpoint source

runoff that occurs on the ground surface before reaching a channel

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5
Q

nonpoint source pollution means

A

If a nonpoint source contains man-made contaminants, or natural forms of pollution (such as rotting leaves) the runoff

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6
Q

drainage basin means

A

A land area which produces runoff that drains to a common point

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7
Q

surface runoff in urban areas cause

A

of urban flooding which can result in property damage, damp and mold in basements, and street flooding.

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8
Q

how is surface runoff generated?

A
  1. either by rainfall
  2. snowfall
  3. by the melting of snow, or glaciers.
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9
Q

Typically snowmelt will peak in the

A

spring

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10
Q

glacier melt in the

A

summer

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11
Q

Typically snowmelt will peak in the spring and glacier melt in the summer, leading to

A

pronounced flow maxima in rivers affected by them.

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12
Q

The determining factor of the rate of melting of snow or glaciers is

A
  1. air temperature
  2. the duration of sunlight.
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13
Q

high mountain regions, ……………………..frequently ……………on sunny days and …………………………….. for this reason.

A

streams

rise

fall on cloudy ones

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14
Q

In areas where there is no snow, runoff will come from

A

rainfall

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15
Q

Infiltration excess overland flow occur when

A

the rate of rainfall on a surface exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the ground, and any depression storage has already been filled.

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16
Q

flooding excess overland flow more commonly occurs in

A

arid and semi-arid regions

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17
Q

Infiltration excess overland flow where……………………………………….. and ………………………………………………..because of…………………………………………., or in …………………………areas.

A

rainfall intensities are high

the soil infiltration capacity is reduced

surface sealing

paved

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18
Q

where rainfall intensities are high and the soil infiltration capacity is reduced because of surface sealing, or in paved areas. This occurs largely in

A

city areas where pavements prevent water from flooding.

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19
Q

saturation excess overland occur when

A

When the soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff.

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20
Q

saturation excess overland flow is also called

A

saturated overland flow

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21
Q

Antecedent soil moisture

A

Soil retains a degree of moisture after a rainfall

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22
Q

Antecedent soil moisture affect

A

residual water moisture affects the soil’s infiltration capacity.

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23
Q

During the next rainfall event, the infiltration capacity will cause

A

the soil to be saturated at a different rate

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24
Q

The higher the level of antecedent soil moisture, the………………….

A

the more quickly the soil becomes saturated

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25
The higher the level of antecedent soil moisture, the more quickly the soil becomes saturated. Once the soil is saturated ...................................... occurs
runoff
26
subsurface return flow
After water infiltrates the soil on an up-slope portion of a hill, the water may flow laterally through the soil, and exfiltrate (flow out of the soil) closer to a channel.
27
subsurface return flow is also called
through flow
28
hydraulics is a derivative of the Greek words
hydro (meaning water) and aulis (meaning tube or pipe)
29
Originally, the science of hydraulics covered the
physical behavior of water at rest and in motion
30
the term hydraulics has broadened its meaning to include the .............................
physical behavior of all liquids
31
the physical behavior of all liquids includes
power hydraulics
32
power hydraulics
confined liquids are used under controlled pressure to do work
33
Although the modern development of hydraulics is comparatively recent, the ancient cultures were familiar with many hydraulic principles and applications. They .............................................
conveyed water along channels for irrigation and domestic purposes, using dams and sluice gates to control the flow
34
.......................discovered the fundamental law underlying the entire science of hydraulics
Pascal
35
Pascal's theorem was as follows:
*If a vessel full of water, and closed on all sides, has two openings, one a hundred times as large as each other, and if each is supplied with a piston that fits exactly, then a man pushing the small piston will exert a force that will equal that of one hundred men pushing the large piston and will overcome that of ninety-nine men*.
36
Factors Affecting Hydraulic systems
1. pressure 2. fluid flow 3. Volume and velocity of flow
37
Pressure may be exerted in
one direction, several directions, or in all directions
38
A solid exerts pressure
downward
39
liquid will exert pressure
on all the surfaces with which it comes in contact
40
Gases will exert pressure
in all directions because it completely fills the container
41
Pascal discovered that pressure set up in a fluid
acts equally in all directions
42
Pascal discovered that pressure set up in a fluid acts equally in all directions. Another way to state this is that
a force applied on any area of an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished to all areas throughout the enclosure. Thus, if a number of passages exist in a system, pressure can be distributed through all of them by means of a liquid.
43
pressure is
transmitted
44
To understand power hydraulic systems in action, it is necessary to become familiar with the
elementary characteristics of fluids in motion.
45
volume rate of flow
The quantity of fluid that passes a given point in a system in a unit of time
46
method of expressing volume rate of flow in hydraulic systems
Gallons per minute
47
Velocity of flow
the rate or speed at which the fluid moves forward at a particular point in the system
48
Velocity of flow is expressed in
feet per second
49
.......................................... and .............................are often considered together
Volume and velocity of flow
50
With the volume of input unchanged, the velocity of flow ..............................as the cross-section or size of the pipe decreases
increases
51
the velocity of flow decreases as the area ..................................
increases
52
In a stream, velocity of flow is slow at .........................parts of the stream and rapid at ...............................parts even though the volume of water passing each part is the ................................
wide narrow same
53
what do you conclude from the following
as volume decreases speed increases
54
Streamflow is also called
channel runoff
55
Streamflow definition
the flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle
56
streamflow is one component of ...................................................................................................................................... the other component being.......................................
the runoff of water from the land to water-bodies, the other component being surface runoff.
57
Water flowing in channels comes from
surface runoff from adjacent hill-slopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes.
58
The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using
stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation
59
hygrograph
The record of flow over time
60
The record of flow over time
hydrograph
61
Flooding occurs when
the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel
62
.........................and ..........................play a critical role in the hydrologic cycle that is essential for all life on Earth.
Streams and rivers
63
A diversity of biological species, from unicellular organisms to vertebrates, depend on
flowing-water systems for their habitat and food resources.
64
Rivers are major aquatic landscapes for
all manners of plants and animals
65
Rivers even help keep the aquifers underground .......
full of water by discharging water downward through their streambeds
66
full of water by discharging water downward through their streambeds. In addition to that the oceans ...................................................... because ...................................................................
stay full of water because rivers and runoff continually refreshes them.
67
Streamflow is the main mechanism by which
water moves from the land to the oceans or to basins of interior drainage
68
Source of streamflow
1. channel precipitation 2. ground water 3. Interflow 4. Overland flow
69
Mechanisms that cause changes in streamflow
1. Natural mechanism 2. human-induced machanisms
70
Mechanisms that cause changes in streamflow: Natural mechanisms:
1. Runoff from rainfall and snowmelt 2. Evaporation from soil and surface-water bodies 3. Transpiration by vegetation 4. Ground-water discharge from aquifers 5. Ground-water recharge from surface-water bodies 6. Sedimentation of lakes and wetlands 7. Formation or dissipation of glaciers, snowfields, and permafrost
71
Mechanisms that cause changes in streamflow: Human-induced mechanisms:
* Surface-water withdrawals and transbasin diversions * River-flow regulation for hydropower and navigation * Construction,removal, and sedimentation of reservoirs and stormwater detention ponds * Stream channelization and levee construction * Drainage or restoration of wetlands * Land-use changes such as urbanization that alter rates of erosion, infiltration, overland flow, or evapotranspiration * Wastewater outfalls * Irrigation wastewater return flow
72
Streamflow is measured as an:
an amount of water passing through a specific point over time.
73
Runoff of water in channels is responsible for transport of
sediment, nutrients, and pollution downstream.
74
Without streamflow, the water in a given watershed
would not be able to naturally progress to its final destination in a lake or ocean
75
Runoff of water in channels is responsible for transport of sediment, nutrients, and pollution downstream. Without streamflow, the water in a given watershed would not be able to naturally progress to its final destination in a lake or ocean. This would
disrupt the ecosystem
76
Streamflow is one important route of water from ........................ to ................................. and..............................
the land to lakes and oceans
77
Streamflow is one important route of water from the land to lakes and oceans. The other main routes are
* surface runoff (the flow of water from the land into nearby watercourses that occurs during precipitation and as a result of irrigation), * flow of groundwater into surface waters, and the * flow of water from constructed pipes and channels.
78
Streamflow confers on society both ........................... and .........................
benefits and hazards
79
Runoff downstream is a means to collect water for ................................ for...............................
storage in dams for power generation of water abstraction.
80
The flow of water assists transport .....................................
downstream
81
A given watercourse has a maximum streamflow rate that can be accommodated by ..............................
the channel
82
Streamflow confers on society both benefits and hazards. Runoff downstream is a means to
1. collect water for storage in dams 2. for power generation of water abstraction. 3. The flow of water assists transport downstream.
83
show how pressure is exerted

hydrology (8 decks)

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