Chapter 4-5: Vowels and Consonants

Question 1

Vowel

Answer 1

phonemes produced without any appreciable constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract

-

Question 2

Primary Articulator in Production of Vowels:

Answer 2

Tongue, but the tongue does NOT constrict air— this would make a consonant sound

Question 3

Tongue height vs tongue advancement

Answer 3

Tongue Height: how high or low (high, mid, low) tongue is in mouth during production of vowels
Tongue Advancement: how far forward or back (front, central, back) tongue is in mouth during production of vowels

Question 4

Rounded vs Unrounded Vowels

Answer 4

Whether lips are rounded or unrounded in the production of vowels

ex: rounded: u, o, er (stressed and unstressed)d
ex: unrounded: i, I, e, ae, a

Question 5

Tense vs Lax Vowels

Answer 5

Tense: generally longer in duration and require more muscular effort than lax vowels
Tense can end an open syllable (hi, tu), Lax never ends an open syllable

Question 6

Monopthongs

Answer 6

One vowel sound

- most English vowels are monopthongs because they have one primary articulatory position in the vocal tract.

Question 7

Dipthongs

Answer 7

Vowel sounds that have two distinct articulatory positions.

- Each dipthong is an individual phoneme containing two vowels

Question 8

Two parts of a dipthong

Answer 8

Onglide: first element of a dipthong
Offglide: second element of a dipthong
** Offglide always produced at a higher position

Question 9

Major difference between vowels and consonants:

Answer 9

Consonants have contact or near contact between articulators while vowels have an open vocal tract

Question 10

How many vowels in English language?

Answer 10

17-20 vowels

Question 11

Position of the velum during most vowels?

Answer 11

Raised to prevent air being directed into nasal cavity.

Question 12

Monopthongs can be classified by:

Answer 12

Tongue Height - high or low
Tongue advancement - front or back
Lip Shape- rounded or unrounded
Tension - tense or lax

Question 13

/i/

Answer 13

high, front, unrounded, tense

Question 14

/I/

Answer 14

high, front, unrounded, lax

Question 15

Rhotacized

Answer 15

production of a phoneme with an /R/

ex IR, EpsilonR

Question 16

/e/ lower-case e

Answer 16

high/mid, front, unrounded, tense

Question 17

/$ Epsilon/

Answer 17

low-mid, front, unrunded,

Will not an a syllable in English pronunciation

Question 18

/ae/ Ash

Answer 18

low, front, unrounded, lax

Question 19

/u/ lower-case u

Answer 19

high, back, rounded, tense

Question 20

/U/ upsilon (horseshoe)

Answer 20

high, back, rounded, lax

Question 21

Point vowels

Answer 21

vowels in corner of vowel quadrilateral

/i/, /ae/, /u/, /a/

Question 22

/o/ lower-case o

Answer 22

high-mid, back, rounded, tense

Question 23

/backwards c) Open o

Answer 23

low-mid, back, rounded, tense

Question 24

/a/ script a

Answer 24

low, back, unrounded, tense

Question 25

/upside down e/ schwa

Answer 25

mid, central, unrounded, lax | only unstressed syllables

Question 26

/upside down v/ wedge

Answer 26

low-mid, back-central, unrounded, lax | ONLY in stressed syllables

Question 27

/upside down e~/

Answer 27

mid, central, rounded, lax

Question 28

/$~ right hook reversed epsilon

Answer 28

mid, central rounded, lax

Question 29

Epsilon and e~ final syllables are considered:

Answer 29

open

Question 30

/eI/ vs /e/

Answer 30

stressed vs unstressed | open vs closed syllable

Question 31

/o-u-/ vs /o/

Answer 31

stressed vs unstressed | open vs closed syllable

Question 32

Tongue position for all dipthongs

Answer 32

For ALL dipthongs the tongue always glides rom a lower to a higher position in oral cavity Offglide is always higher

Question 33

/backwards c I/

Answer 33

onglide to offglide | rounded to unrounded

Question 34

/a-u-/

Answer 34

onglide to offglide | unrounded to rounded

Question 35

/aI/

Answer 35

onglide to offglide

Question 36

Unlike vowels, consonants are not produced solely by_______________.

Answer 36

changes in lip and tongue positioning

Question 37

Sound generator: vowels: sonorants: obstruents:

Answer 37

vowels: larynx sonorants: resonance of vocal tract Obstruents: sound generated anterior to articulator involved

Question 38

Obstruents:

Answer 38

Non resonant consonants: stops, fricatives, affricates Obstruents can be voiced or unvoiced

Question 39

Sonorants:

Answer 39

Resonant Consonants: Nasals, liquids, glides All Sonorants are voiced

Question 40

Stops(plosives): ``` Ex: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 40

Stops/Plosives: articulators make airtight seal and air is stopped bilabial voiceless p, bilabial voiced b alveolar voiceless t, alveolar voiced d velar voiceless k, velar voiced g glottal voiceless ? (glottal stop)

Question 41

Fricatives: ``` Ex: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ```

Answer 41

Fricatives: articulators very close together with narrow air channel 1. labiodental voiceless f, labiodental voiced v 2. interdental voiced and voiceless /th/ 3. alveolar voiceless s, alveolar voiced z 4. alveolar palatal voiceless -sh (shed), alveolar palatal voiced 3, pleasure 5. glottal voiceless h

Question 42

Affricates | 1.

Answer 42

Affricates: sound begins with a stop and ends with a fricative 1. palatal voiceless /tf/ "ch", palatal voiced /d3/ "j"

Question 43

Nasals 1. 2.

Answer 43

Nasals: velum is lowered 1. voiced bilabial m 2. voiced alveolar n 3. voiced velar ng

Question 44

Liquids (approximate) 1. 2.

Answer 44

Liquids: 1. voiced alveolar l 2. voiced palatal r

Question 45

Glides (approximate) | 1.

Answer 45

1. voiced bilabial and velar w | 2. voiced palatal /j/ (y) you

Question 46

``` Place of production is generalized into four regions: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 46

1. Labial- bilabial, labiodental 2. Anterior Lingual- dental alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex 3. Dorsal- Palatal, velar, uvular(not used in English) 4. Posterior- Pharyngeal, epiglottal, glottal