Chapter 4 & 5 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

study of carbon containing compounds

Answer 1

organic chemistry

Question 2

the number of covalent bonds an atom can form

Answer 2

valence

Question 3

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 3

hydrocarbons

Question 4

compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

Answer 4

isomers

Question 5

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Answer 5

structural isomers

Question 6

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Answer 6

cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)

Question 7

isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

Answer 7

enantiomers

Question 8

carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

Answer 8

asymmetric carbon

Question 9

chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions

Answer 9

functional groups

Question 10

–OH

Answer 10

hydroxyl group

Question 11

C=O

Answer 11

carbonyl group

Question 12

-COOH

Answer 12

carboxyl group

Question 13

–NH2

Answer 13

amino group

Question 14

–SH

Answer 14

sulfhydryl group

Question 15

–OPO3 2-

Answer 15

Phosphate group

Question 16

–CH3

Answer 16

methyl group

Question 17

large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 17

macromolecules

Question 18

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Answer 18

polymer

Question 19

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer - are smaller molecules

Answer 19

monomers

Question 20

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Answer 20

enzymes

Question 21

a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule

Answer 21

dehydration synthesis

Question 22

process that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis

Answer 22

hydrolysis

Question 23

carbohydrate that is called a single sugar – made of CH2O

Answer 23

monosaccharides

Question 24

consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Answer 24

disaccharide

Question 25

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Answer 25

glycosidic linkage

Question 26

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Answer 26

polysaccharides

Question 27

a polymer of glucose monomers

Answer 27

starch

Question 28

a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched

Answer 28

glycogen

Question 29

polysaccharide that is a major component of the touch walls that enclose plant cells

Answer 29

cellulose

Question 30

the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

Answer 30

chitin

Question 31

compounds are grouped together because they are hydrophobic

Answer 31

lipids

Question 32

long carbon skeleton, usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length

Answer 32

fatty acid

Question 33

`

Question 34

no double bond in a fatty acid

Answer 34

saturated fatty acid

Question 35

fatty acid with one or more double bonds

Answer 35

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 36

similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Answer 36

phospholipid

Question 37

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Answer 37

steroids

Question 38

type of steroid that is crucial in all animals

Answer 38

cholesterol

Question 39

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Answer 39

catalysts

Question 40

polymer of amino acids

Answer 40

polypeptide

Question 41

biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

Answer 41

protein

Question 42

organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group

Answer 42

amino acid

Question 43

covalent bond resulting from two amino acids becoming joined by a dehydration reaction

Answer 43

peptide bond

Question 44

sequence of amino acids (linear chain of amino acid)

Answer 44

primary structure

Question 45

segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns (regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone)

Answer 45

secondary structure

Question 46

delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid

Answer 46

alpha helix

Question 47

two or more segments of polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments

Answer 47

beta pleated sheets

Question 48

overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids (3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains)

Answer 48

tertiary structure

Question 49

as polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein

Answer 49

hydrophobic interaction

Question 50

form where two cysteine monomers are brought together by the folding of the protein

Answer 50

disulfide bridges

Question 51

overall protein structure that results form the combination of polypeptide subunits (association of two or more polypeptides) ***ONLY SOME PROTEINS***

Answer 51

quaternary structure

Question 52

when protein unravels and loses its native shape

Answer 52

denaturation

Question 53

unit of inheritance

Answer 53

gene

Question 54

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

Answer 54

nucleic acids

Question 55

nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers

Answer 55

polynucleotides

Question 56

has one 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Answer 56

pyrimidine

Question 57

List the pyrimidines

Answer 57

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 58

larger, with 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring

Answer 58

purines

Question 59

list the purines

Answer 59

adenine and guanine

Question 60

sugar in DNA

Answer 60

deoxyribose

Question 61

sugar in RNA

Answer 61

ribose

Question 62

the 2 sugar phosphate backbones in DNA run __________ of each other.

Answer 62

antiparallel

Question 63

the use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets

Answer 63

bioinformatics

Question 64

analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species

Answer 64

genomics

Question 65

analysis of large sets of proteins and their sequences

Answer 65

proteomics