Chapter 4,5, Flashcards
1
Q
Vowel
A
Formed without significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities and serves as a syllable nucleus.
2
Q
Significant constriction
A
The oral and pharyngeal cavities are never narrowed to the degree observed for consonants.
3
Q
Syllable nucleus
A
Only one vowel sound can occur within the boundaries of a syllable unit, so individual vowels can be identified with individual syllables
4
Q
hhhh
A
The articulators are positioned, so as not to constrict the oral and pharyngeal cavities.
5
Q
Temporal aspect
A
The sound can be sustained indefinitely
6
Q
Functional aspect
A
A syllable must include a vowel as its nucleus
7
Q
Monothong
A
Is considered a “pure vowel”, or “one” sound with a single unchanging sound quality
8
Q
Dipthong
A
Vowel like sounds produced with gradually changing articulation, creating a complex, dynamic sound quality. “di=”2”, so 2 sounds & are represented by a pair of symbols
9
Q
Tongue height
A
Relative vertical position of tongue body
10
Q
High vowels
A
Are made with the tongue close to the roof of the mouth. Not all high vowels are equally high, etc
11
Q
Low vowels
A
Are made in the lowest position, with the tongue depressed in the mouth.
12
Q
Tongue advancement
A
Refers to the front-back (anterior-posterior) dimension (could be considered “retraction”)
13
Q
Tenseness or Length
A
The degree of muscle activity involved (tenseness) and duration of vowel (length)
14
Q
Lip configuration (rounding)
A
Can be described as rounding, potrusion, retraction, spreading, eversion and narrowing
15
Q
Place of articulation
A
Where a sound is formed
16
Q
Manner of articulation
A
How the sound is formed
17
Q
Voice
A
Vocal folds vibrating during the consonant production.
18
Q
Place of articulation
A
Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Palatal Palatal-Velar Glottal
19
Q
Manner of Articulation
A
Stop Fricative Nasal Affricate Liquid Lateral Rhotic Glide
20
Q
Stop Consonants
A
Occlusive, plosive, stop-plosive, plosive consonant, stop consonant, and stop.
21
Q
Lingua-alveolar
A
/t/ /d/
22
Q
/i/
A
High-Front, Tense and Unrounded
23
Q
/I/
A
High-Mid, Front, Lax, and Unrounded
24
Q
/e/
A
Mid-Front, Tense, and Unrounded
25
/backwards 3/
Low-Mid, Front, Lax, and Unrounded
26
/ae/
Low-front, Lax, and Unrounded
27
/u/
High-back, Tense, and Rounded
28
/u hooked/
High-Mid, Back, Lax, and Rounded
29
/o/
Mid, Back, Tense, and Rounded
30
/backwards c/
Low-Mid, Back, Tense, and Rounded
31
/a/
Low, back, tense, and unrounded
32
/v or carrott/
Low-Mid, Back-Central, Lax, and Unrounded
33
/backwards e/
Mid-Central, Lax and Unrounded
34
/3 with a little carrot/
Mid-Central, Tense and Rounded
35
/3^/ with a little carrot is sometimes described as
r-colored, rhotic, or rhotacized
36
/backwards e with ^/
Mid-Central, Lax, and Rounded
37
Onglide
Intial segment
38
Offglide
final segment
39
Phonemic
They cannot be reduced to monophthongs. 1. /aI/-bye
2. /backwards cI/-boy
3. /au/-bough
40
Non-phonemic
Can be reduced to monophthongs.
1. /eI/-bay
2. /ou/-bow
41
/aI/-bye
Lips are unrounded, making a slight to moderate closing motion during the diphthong.
Velopharynx is normally closed.
42
/backwards c with an I/
Produced with coordinated movements of lips and tongue. Lips move from rounded state to unrounded.
43
The diphthong is more likely to occur when the syllable is strongly stressed or the speaking rate is slow. lIps are mid-open and unrounded.
The lips and tongue have coordinated movements of rounding and raising, respectively.
44
/eI/
The diphthong is more likely to occur when the syllable is strongly stressed or the speaking rate is slow. lIps are mid-open and unrounded.
45
/ou/
Lips rounded but with progressive narrowing. Jaw is mid-open and often closes slightly during the diphthong.
46
/ar/
Lips start unrounded but may transition to slightly rounded. Jaw starts open and raises to mid-closed.
47
/backwards c with an r/
Lips usually stay rounded throughout. Velopharynx is normally closed except in nasal contexts.
48
/Ir/
Lips usually start unrounded but may transition to slightly rounded
49
/backwards 3 r/
Lips usually start unrounded but may transition to slightly rounded.
50
Diphthongization
Occurs when a vowel ordinarily produced as a monophthong is articulated with a diphthong characteristic.
51
Monophthongization
A diphthong is produced as a monophthong. It also happens with rapid rates of speech or when syllables are not strongly stressed.
52
Nasalization
Isolated vowels and diphthongs are normally resonated orally, but when they are produced in context of nasal segments they are nasalized to some degree. Velopharyngeal opening can occur for a preceding nasal segment, that is the opening is maintained during the vowel or diphthong.. Velopharyngeal opening can occur in vowel that comes before the nasal segment in anticipation for a for the nasal consonant.
53
Reduction
Occurs as the rate of speaking increases or as the stress is decreased. Reduction an occur in length (duration) and centralization.
54
Rhotacization and Derhotacization
When other vowels become r-colored as in "morning". A "rhotacized" vowel is one with r-coloring. "Derhotacization" is when a normally r-colored vowel loses all or part of the r-color.
55
Consonant
Speech sound produced with a complete or partial obstruction to the airstream and that combines with a vowel to form a syllable.
56
Homotypic
Two or more sounds share the same manner of articulation
57
Stop burst
The cavity becomes a pressure chamber and when released, it produces a short burst of noise
58
Articulatory Summary for Stops
Oral cavity is completely closed at some point for a brief interval of time. Velopharynx is closed. Upon release of a stop closure, a burst of noise is typically heard. The closing and opening movements for stops tend to be quite fast, usually the fastest movements in speech.
59
hhhh
There is a frequent allophone of /t/ and /d/ that occurs in words such as "city, latter, butter, writer, patty" and "laddy".
60
Fricative consonants
A fricative is a sound produced with a narrow constriction through which air escapes with continuous noise. A turbulence or frication noise.
61
The intensity of noise varies with place of (blank)
articulation.
62
The lingua-alveolar and lingua-palatal fricatives are among the most (blank)
hhhh
63
Articulation Summary for Fricatives
Articulators form a narrow constriction through which airflow is channeled. Air pressure increases in the chamber behind the constriction. As the air flows through the narrow opening, a continuous frication noise is generated. Produced with a closed velopharynx, because the air is directed through oral constriction
64
Affricate consonants
Considered a combination of sounds involving a stop closure followed by a fricative.
65
Articulatory Summary for Affricates
Combination of a stop closure and a fricative. The frication noise closely follows the stop portion. Affricates are made with complete closure of the velopharynx to allow air pressure to build up. Affricates can occur in syllable-initial, syllable-final and intervocalic positions.
66
Nasal Consonants
A nasal consonant is produced with complete oral closure, but an open velopharynx, so that voicing energy travels through the nose.
67
Articulatory Summary for Nasals
Oral tract is completely closed as it for a stop. Velopharyngeal port is open to permit sound energy to radiate through nasal cavity. Even if oral closure is broken, sound may continue to travel through the nose as long as the velopharynx remains open.
68
Liquid consonants
A liquid is a vowel-like consonant. Voicing energy passes through like a vocal tract only somewhat more constricted than vowels. The shape and location of the constriction is critical in defining the type of liquid as either lateral or rhotic.
69
Lateral consonants
Have a midline closure and lateral opening for sound transmision.
70
Rhotic consonant
The /r/ as in "rue, raw, and ray".
71
Articulatory Summary for Liquids
Sound energy is directed through a distinctively shaped oral passage, one that can be held indefinitely for sustained production of the sound. The velopharynx is almost always closed. The oral passageway is narrower than that for vowels but wider than for stops, fricatives, and nasals.
72
Glide consonants
hhhh
73
Glides are also known as
semivowels.
74
Articulatory Summary for Glides
Constricted state is narrower than for a vowel, but wider than for stops and fricatives. Articulators make a gradual gliding motion from the constricted segment to the more open configuration for the following vowel. Velopharynx is generally closed.
75
Homorganic
Two or more consonants share the same place of articulation
76
Bilabials
b, p, m, w
77
Cognate
Pairs of words that share the same place and manner of articulation but differ by the voicing feature.
78
Bilabial Stops
/b/ bay /p/ pay
79
Labial-Velar Glide
/w/ witch /hw/ which
80
Labiodental Fricative
/v/ vat /f/ fat
81
Interdental Fricative
/x circle thingy/ thy /theta/ thigh
82
Alveolar Stop
/d/ doe /t/ toe
83
Alveolar Fricative
/z/ zip /s/ sip
84
Palatal Fricative
/backwards 3/ rouge /squiggly/ rush
85
Palatal Affricate
/d3/ gin /tsquiggly/ chin
86
Velar Stop
/g/ gap /k/ cap
87
Aspiration
Feature related to voicing for stops. Aspiration is a friction noise, like /h/ generated as air flows through the vocal folds and into the upper cavities.
88
Allographs
Letters or combinations of letters that represent a given phoneme
