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US Politics - final > Chapter 4 - 5/7 - Race and rights > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - 5/7 - Race and rights Flashcards

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U.S. Geography flashcards
1
Q

When was the American Civil War?

A

1861-1865

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2
Q

Which Constitutional Amendment tried to advance the civil rights of racial minorities in the USA?

A

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

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3
Q

What did the Twenty-Fourth Amendment do?

A

Stated that voting rights should not be denied for non-payment of poll tax.

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4
Q

When was the Twenty-Fourth Amendment passed?

A

1964

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5
Q

What piece of legislation was passed to try and advance civil rights for racial minorities?

A

Voting Rights Act

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6
Q

When was the Voting Rights Act passed?

A

1965

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7
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act do?

A

Ended literacy and other tests as requirements for voting.

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8
Q

Which Supreme Court ruling advanced civil rights for racial minorities?

A

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka

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9
Q

When was the ruling of Brown v Board of Education of Topeka?

A

1954

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10
Q

Which president sent troops into Little Rock?

A

President Eisenhower

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11
Q

When were troops sent into Little Rock to integrate schools?

A

1957

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12
Q

What did some people come to consider was the only way of overcoming racial disadvantage?

A

Racial advantage - affirmative action

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13
Q

How did conservative groups view affirmative action?

A

As reverse discrimination, patronising to minorities and unfair to majorities.

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14
Q

What did the University of Michigan grant to all black, Hispanic, and American-Indian applicants?

A

20 out of the required 150 points for admission.

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15
Q

What did the case of Gratz v Bollinger concern?

A

The affirmative actions of the University of Michigan’s admission process.

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16
Q

What was the Supreme Court ruling on Gratz v Bollinger?

A

That it was unconstitutional because it was too ‘mechanistic’.

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17
Q

Why did the Supreme Court rule the University of Michigan to be acting unconstitutionally?

A

Because their automatic practice of affirmative action was too ‘mechanistic’.

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18
Q

When was the case of Gratz v Bollinger?

A

2003

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19
Q

What was the voting result of Gratz v Bollinger?

A

6-3

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20
Q

When was the case of Grutter v Bollinger?

A

2003

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21
Q

What did the case of Grutter v Bollinger concern?

A

The University Law School’s affirmative action towards racial minority applicants.

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22
Q

What was the voting result of Grutter v Bollinger?

A

5-4

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23
Q

What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Grutter v Bollinger?

A

That the practice’s of the University Law School were constitutional.

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24
Q

Why did the Supreme Court rule in favour of the University Law School but not in favour of the University of Michigan?

A

Because the University Law School was assessing each candidate individually, taking race into account but not awarding racial minorities an automatic advantage like Michigan were.

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25
Q

When as the case of Fisher v University of Texas?

A

2016

26
Q

What was the voting result of Fisher v University of Texas?

A

4-3

27
Q

What was the result of the case of Fisher v University of Texas?

A

The Supreme Court upheld the university’s affirmative action programme.

28
Q

What did Abigail Fisher claim in the case of Fisher v University of Texas?

A

That she was rejected from the university because of her white race.

29
Q

What are the arguments in favour of affirmative action being positive?

A
  • It has helped reverse historical discrimination.
  • It has led to greater diversity.
  • Promotes tolerance and a better learning environment in education.
  • It has worked.
30
Q

How much did the number of black people graduating from university rise between 1960 and 1995?

A

From 5% to 15%

31
Q

Who said that “affirmative action has been good for America”?

A

President Clinton in 1995.

32
Q

What are the arguments against affirmative action?

A
  • It is reverse discrimination.
  • It leads to people being given positions they are not qualified for.
  • It is condescending to minorities.
  • It promotes a society based on race, thereby encouraging the very prejudice it sought to end.
33
Q

What did Justice Clarence Thomas say about affirmative action?

A

“there is a moral and constitutional equivalence between laws designed to subjugate a race and those that distribute benefits on the basis of race”

34
Q

When did Justice Clarence Thomas make his remarks on affirmative action?

A

1995

35
Q

Why do some people think affirmative action is bound to fail?

A

Because a system based on race is unlikely to move society towards a point where race no longer counts.

36
Q

What do conservatives and the Republican Party tend to advocate for affirmative action?

A

They want to abolish it, arguing society is not about equality but equality of opportunity.

37
Q

What do conservatives argue affirmative action is based on?

A

Racism

38
Q

Who is most likely to favour abolishing affirmative action?

A

Conservatives and the Republican Party.

39
Q

What was President Clinton’s catchphrase on affirmative action?

A

“mend it, don’t end it”

40
Q

When was the For the People Act passed?

A

2021

41
Q

What did the For the People Act do?

A

Required state to turn the task of redrawing state boundaries over to an independent commision.

42
Q

What is hoped the For the People Act will end?

A

Gerrymandering

43
Q

How many eligible black voters were casting votes by 2012?

A

A record 66.6%

44
Q

What percentage of eligible black voters were voting in 1980?

A

50%

45
Q

What recent developments disproportionately affect black voters?

A
  • Nine states introduced photo ID requirements for all voters in the 2016 presidential elections.
  • In 2016, black Americans were four times more likely to have been disenfranchised due to a past conviction.
46
Q

How many black voters had Wyoming disenfranchised by 2020 due to criminal convictions?

A

36.2% - the highest in the country.

47
Q

How many voters overall had Wyoming disenfranchised due to criminal convictions by 2020?

A

2.6% - compare that to the black disenfranchisement of 36.2%.

48
Q

What did the Supreme Court decision in Husted v Randolph Institute do?

A

Continued the practice of voter caging.

49
Q

What is voter caging?

A

Striking people off of the voter register if they have not voted in a while.

50
Q

When was Husted v Randolph Institute?

A

2018

51
Q

What did the NAACP argue about the Supreme Court ruling on Husted v Randolph Institute?

A

That it would affect minority voters more.

52
Q

What was the black voter turnout in 2016?

A

59.6%

53
Q

Which Congress is the most racially diverse on record?

A

The 117th Congress, which began in January 2021

54
Q

How many black American members of Congress were there in 2021?

A

63

55
Q

How many black American members of Congress were there in 1984?

A

21

56
Q

What percentage of Congress in 2021 is from minority ethnic groups compared to the percentage of the population?

A

26% of Congress; 39% of America - so they remain under-represented.

57
Q

Who was the first major-party black American candidate for the presidency?

A

Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm

58
Q

When did Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm become the first major-party (Dem) black American candidate for the presidency?

A

1972

59
Q

Who said that government should “look like America”?

A

Clinton

60
Q

How many of the 16 full cabinet positions in Biden’s cabinet were given to members of minority ethnic groups?

A

7

US Politics - final (29 decks)

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