Chapter 4,5,6 Flashcards
Culture
Refers to the Characteristics of a group or society that make it distinct from other groups and societies
Values
What a society holds to be desirable, good, and important.
are things that people think are important, such as honesty and freedom
Beliefs
What we deem to be true
Norms
Expectations about the appropriate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people in a variety of situations
Folkways
Rules of behavior for common and routine interactions
Mores
Widely held beliefs about what is considered moral and just behavior in society
What is material culture and nonmaterial culture?
Material culture consists of artifacts ranging from tools to products designed for leisure like flat-screens TVs and Xboxes. Nonmaterial culture includes concepts such as norms, values and beliefs, symbols, and language. EX: Material culture are specifically items that pose some sort of significance to your culture. Such as baseballs or baseball bat, family photos, a keychain from someone special. Nonmaterial culture are things that typically conceptual not physical such as traditions, holidays, language or religion.
What is cultural capital? Be able to give examples of it?
Your culture capital essentially are aspects about yourself that can help you reach goals. Things your personality, you could have a very social and charismatic personality that would help you make connections, or your education such as if you passed high school, it would give you opportunities for jobs, and a special talent such as math which could lead you into a profession like accountant.
What is Sapir - Whorf Hypothesis
This is the idea that language shapes how we think even if it’s from the same language such as in American English we say water fountains, but in some parts of Australia they call water fountains bubblers or water bubblers. Some languages don’t have gendered terms or have very few
What are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
Ethnocentrism is basically a belief that your culture or ways of life is superior to others.
What are subcultures and countercultures?
Subcultures are subcategories of culture, nothing too prominent. They can come from places of education, work, or really any social groups like jock, goths, nerd etc.
Countercultures are cultures that conflict, like hippies and their laid-back, open-ness for change, and anti-violence attitude clashing with American culture, they deem war as a necessary, and their beliefs in hard work and independence, opposing each other’s.
What are some of the ways people are socialized?
The biggest way is probably through school since typically you spend most of your time in school you develop a conscious to when or if you do school through high school, but there’s also through newspapers, articles, traveling etc…
What are the primary and secondary agents of socialization?
The primary agent of socialization is typically family, and then secondary is anything after are agents like friends, media and work, but there’s no order since we all live different lives.
What are resocialization and total institutions?
Resocializations are times where we have to adjust to new rules and regulations and norms. When you enter a library, you have to be quiet, keep to yourself, and be mindful of other places as it’s a place of reading, calm and peace.
Total institutions are places where you spend most of your time, like places where you live, sleep, eat and all that. Some examples are prisons, asylums, orphanages, and nursing homes.
What is the “looking glass self”? Who first used this term?
A concept created by Charles Cooley, says he believed that when we interact with others, thoughts run through our minds about possible judgement people are having about us, and we sort of change ourselves partially or completely. However, all of those judgements are usually imaginary unless outright told to you.
What are Mead’s stages of play?
Prepatory - Babies imitate what they see. Play; Young children take on a role through, like a kid pretending to be a lawyer, police officer and more, and game; is when children begin to understand that there are other people have different roles and work together with others who share a common goal such as soccer team working together to win.
What is the generalized other, and when does Mead say we start to understand it?
The generalized other are people who play different roles in society
What are the differences between the I and the me?
Me is our response to our social self internally, me is our social self
What does Goffman mean by front stage and backstage? What is impression management?
Front stage is basically what you choose to show about yourself in social settings or you may adopt certain qualities to fit the situation you’re in. Ex: keeping a low volume in church, being more authoritative as a teacher.
Backstage is how we portray ourselves in a more private environment or when you are with your close friends, usually showing your true self.
Role strain
when you have multiple responsibilities in a single role
Master Status
the primary status which others interact with a person
Role conflict
when you have multiple responsibilities from many different roles
What is the difference between deviance and crime?
Deviance includes behaviors, conditions, or beliefs that violate norms and/or incur stigmatizing sanctions. Where crimes are violations of the law, such as assault, kidnapping, theft, or murder
How did Durkheim explain mechanical and organic solidarity? What type of punishments fit each of those types of society?
Mechanical societies typically are very individualistic, Ex: people taking care of themselves with relatively the same jobs but participate in public punishments of people who violate taboos or crimes.
While organic typically the opposite, punishments are being given to better the person, like community service or serving time in prison.
What are informal and formal social sanctions? Be able to give an example of each.
Social sanctions are objective actions people either find disapproval, approval in, whether they be from bosses, teachers, friends or family etc. Sarcasm, sass, are considered informal and more extreme cases being skipping school or talking back to your boss.
Formal sanctions are given moreso from higher levels of authority such as organizations. Like your supervisor praising your hard work or getting a medal at the the olympics.
How does Conflict theory explain deviance?
Those in power decide what are crimes and who are criminals
Functionalism
Crime exists so we know what happens when we break the rules
Symbolic Interactionism
The label of criminal affects the person and how society sees them
What is labeling theory? How does it apply to crime?
A theory that presents that if you are seen as a criminal deviant or treated as one, more than likely you will partake criminal or deviant behavior
What is anomie? Who talked about it first?
Brought up by Emile Durkheim, Anomie is when change occurs too quickly and can’t be controlled. Ex: Covid, Hurricane Katrina.
What is the Thomas Theorem?
Conducted by Issac William Thomas, a theory which means if you perceive something to be real, it becomes real to you, which carries consequences. Ex: Money are a concept created by humans, it’s valuable because it give it value.
What are the techniques of neutralization? Have at least one example of a time you used one of them.
Neutralization strategies are essentially defensive strategies when we’re backed up against a corner in some way shape or form.
What is strain theory?
Strain theory conducted by Merton, is the belief that people fall into several categories that possess many strategies one may take to achieve their goals. A few of these are conformists, ritualistic, and maximizers.
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?
Primary deviance is the deviance one takes before given a label. Secondary deviance are acts committed after being given a label.
What is Merton’s adaptations to strain?
What is the Maximizer category?
Conformist + Innovator
Uses legitimate and illegitimate means to reach goals
Accepts criminality
