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biology 110 exam 2 > Chapter 4-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

serves as the control center of the cell, containing DNA

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2
Q

what is the description of the nucleus

A

enclosed by a double membrane and regulates all cellular activity by controlling the genes that are expressed.

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3
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP. cellular respiration occurs

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4
Q

what is the description of the mitochondria

A

These organelles have a double membrane and are where cellular respiration occurs, converting glucose into ATP.

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5
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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6
Q

what is the description of the ribosomes

A

Comprised of RNA and proteins, ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.

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7
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Protein and lipid synthesis.

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8
Q

what is the description of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

The rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis, and the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

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9
Q

what is the function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes and packages proteins and lipids.

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10
Q

what is the description of the Golgi Apparatus

A

It modifies proteins and lipids that have been built in the ER and prepares them for export outside the cell or for inclusion in the cell’s plasma membrane.

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11
Q

what is the function of the lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestion.

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12
Q

what is the description of the lysosomes

A

These are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

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13
Q

what is the function of the peroxisomes

A

detoxification

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14
Q

what is the description of the peroxisomes

A

Contains enzymes that rid the cell of toxic substances and are particularly important in liver and kidney cells.

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15
Q

what is the function of the Vacuoles

A

storage

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16
Q

what is the description of the Vacuoles

A

these are membrane-bound sacs for temporary storage of materials

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17
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

Contains enzymes that rid the cell of toxic substances and are particularly important in liver and kidney cells.

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18
Q

what is the description of the cell membrane

A

A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.

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19
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

Provides structure and shape to the cell.

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20
Q

what is the description of the cytoskeleton

A

Comprises microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provide support and motility for cellular activities.

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21
Q

what is the function of the centrioles

A

important in cell division

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22
Q

what is the description of the centrioles

A

a pair of centrioles is found outside the nuclear membrane and helps organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division

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23
Q

what is the function of the Chloroplasts (in plant cells)

A

Conducts photosynthesis.

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23
Q

what is the description of the Chloroplasts (in plant cells)

A

These organelles contain the pigment chlorophyll and convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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24
Q

what is the function of the Prokaryotic Cells

A

basic cellular functions

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25
Q

what is the description of the Prokaryotic Cells

A

simple cells with no nucleus. mainly bacteria and archaea

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26
Q

what is the function of Eukaryotic Cells

A

advanced cellular functions

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27
Q

what is the function of stem cells

A

Can differentiate into other cell types.

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27
Q

what is the function of germ cells

A

reproduction

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27
Q

what is the description of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells that have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. Examples are plant, animal, and fungal cells.

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28
Q

what is the description of stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body.

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29
Q

what is the description of germ cells

A

These cells are involved in sexual reproduction and give rise to gametes (sperm and egg cells).

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29
Q

what is the function of somatic cells

A

make up the body

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30
Q

what is the description of somatic cells

A

all cells forming the body of an organism, except germ cells

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31
Q

what is the function of Interphase

A

cell growth and DNA replication

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32
Q

what is the description of interphase

A

the cell grows in size and replicates its DNA in preparation for division

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33
Q

what is the function of mitotic phase

A

cell division

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34
Q

what is the description of mitotic phase

A

the phase where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells

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34
Q

what is the function of apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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35
Q

what is the description of apoptosis

A

mechanism that allows cells to die in a controlled way to prevent the release of harmful substances

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35
Q

what is the function of passive transport

A

Movement of molecules without energy.

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36
Q

what is the description of passive transport

A

Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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36
Q

what is the function of active transport

A

Movement of molecules using energy.

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37
Q

what is the description of active transport

A

Moves molecules against a concentration gradient using energy usually derived from ATP.

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38
Q

what is the function of bulk transport

A

Large-scale movement.

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39
Q

what is the description of bulk transport

A

Includes endocytosis and exocytosis for moving large molecules in and out of cells.

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39
Q

what is the function of pathogens

A

cause disease

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40
Q

what is the description of pathogens

A

microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that can cause diseases.

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41
Q

what is the function of immune system components

A

Includes barriers like skin, as well as cells like T and B lymphocytes that help eliminate pathogens.

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42
Q

what is the function of Immunological Disorders

A

Immune response dysregulation.

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42
Q

what is the description of immune system components

A

Includes barriers like skin, as well as cells like T and B lymphocytes that help eliminate pathogens.

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43
Q

what is the description of Immunological Disorders

A

Conditions like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies occur when the immune system doesn’t function properly.

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43
Q

what is the function of Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines and covers surfaces.

44
Q

what is the description of Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms the lining of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin.

45
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

Supports and binds tissues.

46
Q

what is the description of connective tissue

A

Includes bone, cartilage, and fat tissues that provide structural and metabolic support.

47
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

Facilitates movement

47
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue

A

Sends and receives signals.

48
Q

what is the description of muscle tissue

A

Includes smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle.

49
Q

what is the description of nervous tissue

A

Comprises neurons and glial cells and forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

49
Q

the fundamental unit of living things

A

cells

49
Q

Every component of a cell in the human body has _________.

A

a special purpose

50
Q

The cell membrane is also called the __________.

A

plasma membrane

50
Q

Which is not a component of a human body cell?

A

osmosis

51
Q

cell membrane is composed mainly of __________

A

lipids and proteins

51
Q

How are the phospholipids oriented in the cell membrane?

A

in a bilayer tail to tail

52
Q

The ability of a substance to move water toward an area of higher concentration of the solute is called _________.

A

osmotic pressure

52
Q

Facilitated diffusion involves movement of a substance in what direction?

A

down its concentration gradient

52
Q

Diffusion occurs when ___________.

A

d. a solution travels from a higher level of concentration to a lower level of concentration

53
Q

How does water pass through the cellular membrane?

A

Water passes through special passages in the cell membrane designed for water.

53
Q

Cellular reproduction in the human body is also known as __________.

A

cell division

53
Q

Filtration occurs when _______________.

A

pressure is applied to force water and its dissolved materials across the cell membrane

53
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually using mitosis?

A

by making identical copies of themselves without the involvement of another cell

54
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is devoted to actual cell division?

A

mitotic phase

55
Q

In prophase, the _________ disappears and spindle fibers form.

A

nucleus

55
Q

What event occurs during metaphase?

A

the chromosomes line up

56
Q

Cellular respiration is the process that cells use to make __________.

A

adenosine triphosphate

57
Q

Food is converted to ___________ for producing useable energy during cellular respiration.

A

glucose

58
Q

In which cellular component does the process of cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

58
Q

bacteria are ___________.

A

often harmless

58
Q

A disease-producing organism is called a ________.

A

pathogen

59
Q

what does the core of virus contain?

A

genetic material used to replicate itself

59
Q

What tissue acts as a communication system for the body?

A

c. Nervous

60
Q

How does a virus reproduce?

A

a host cell

61
Q

What is the function of mycelia on fungi?

A

nutrient absorption

62
Q

Which are made up of epithelial cells?

A

urethra and bladder

62
Q

Which statement is true about epithelial cells?

A

The function required of epithelial tissue dictates which type of cell formation is used.

63
Q

Which is true about connective tissue?

A

16%

63
Q

Which epithelial cell is flexible and varies in overall appearance?

A

d. transitional

64
Q

The substance in mucous membranes is similar to which of the following?

A

lubricant

65
Q

The main organ of the integumentary system is composed of which of the following membranes?

A

cutaneous epithelial membranes

66
Q

The parietal layer of the serous epithelial membrane ________.

A

lines the wall of the ventral body cavities

67
Q

Which is true about serous fluid?

A

It reduces friction between tissues and organs.

68
Q

Skeletal muscle causes movement by ________.

A

contracting and relaxing

69
Q

Striated muscle is attached to _________.

A

bones

69
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

heart

70
Q

Which nervous system structure sends messages away from the cell body?

A

axons

70
Q

Which tissue type does not regenerate?

A

nervous

71
Q

Which condition is not associated with damage to nerve cells?

A

Myocardial infarction

72
Q

What is the relationship between a tissue and an organ?

A

Organs are combinations of tissues designed to perform a specific function or several functions.

73
Q

In a multi-specialty physician practice, which would be comparable to the various departments of the practice?

A

organs

74
Q

Without the ___________ system, human beings would not exist in the first place.

A

reproductive

75
Q

Which genitourinary structure stores urine?

A

urinary bladder

76
Q

which organ system is responsible for the removal of carbon dioxide from the body?

A

respiratory

77
Q

which system regulates growth and metabolic processes?

A

endocrine system

78
Q

which is a function of the large intestine?

A

it stores waste

79
Q

Which, if not available, would cause the heart beating to be uncomfortable?

A

serous fluid

80
Q

Which is not a primary function of skeletal muscles?

A

secreting and lubricating hair

81
Q

What membrane wraps around individual organs?

A

visceral

82
Q

which produces serous fluid

A

parietal and visceral layers

83
Q

Which substance is regulated by the parathyroid gland?

A

calcium

84
Q

Hypertension is caused by ________.

A

built-up pressure in obstructed arteries

85
Q

Which is not a characteristic of smooth muscle?

A

It is made up of longer and more fibrous tissue than skeletal muscle.

86
Q

The alveoli of the lung, where gas exchange takes place, are composed of ________.

A

a layer of simple squamous cells

87
Q

Which structure(s) do not involve connective tissue?

A

brain

88
Q

which is true about organs?

A

Some organs located laterally in the body occur as pairs.

89
Q

Which type of epithelial membrane is comprised of parietal and visceral layers?

A

Serous

90
Q

The combining form dendr/o in the term dendrite means ________.

A

tree

91
Q

In a multi-specialty physician practice, which would be comparable to the individual employees?

A

Cells

92
Q

Elise and Michaela are best friends who’ve known each other since they were six years old. They attended medical school together and now work in the psychiatry department as interns. Elise and Michaela, along with their colleagues, are similar to ________.

A

tissues

93
Q
  1. All of the following occur during inflammation except ________.
A

the wound filling with blood that forms into a clot

94
Q

Arteries are responsible for ________.

A

carrying blood from the heart to the capillaries

95
Q

How many total bones are there in the skeletal system?

A

206

96
Q

Mucous membranes are found where?

A

digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

97
Q

Synovial fluid can be found in which of the following?

A

knee

98
Q

Which is not part of the endocrine system?

A

Salivary gland

99
Q

tissue regeneration involves tissues doing what?

A

replacing itself with exactly the same tissue

100
Q

Fibroblasts can develop into ______.

A

connective tissue

101
Q
  1. What support function do the neuroglia perform?
A

holding nerve cells together

102
Q

Which is true about cardiac muscle?

A

it is an involuntary muscle

biology 110 exam 2 (1 decks)

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