Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MARK462 > Chapter 4+5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4+5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture?

A

Systems within which we see the world, understand our identity, and find meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ and ___ affect our response to people and situations

A

Values and norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 4 levels of culture?

A

National culture, Organizational culture, Corporate Culture, Professional culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

FITB: Culture, society and the nation state
a) The relationship between a society and a nation-state is/is not strictly one-to-one
b) Nation-states are ____ creations
c)T/F: A nation can have several cultures, and a culture can embrace several nations
d) T/F: There can be different levels of culture within a country

A

a) is not
b) political
c) True
d) True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the determinants/manifestations of culture? (6)

A

Religion
Political philosophy
Economic philosophy
Education
Language
Social Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Hofstede’s six dimensions to culture?

A

Power distance
Individualism vs collectivism
Masculinity vs femininity
Uncertainty avoidance
Long vs short term orientation
Indulgence vs restraint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some of Hofstede’s Results and what do they tell us?

A

He created an index score for each dimension - from - to 100. Western nations tend to score high on individualism and low on power distance
Latin American and Asian countries emphasize collectivism and score high on power distance. Japan demonstrates strong uncertainty avoidance and high masculinity.

Tell us in a very general way about differences among cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the GLOBE’s Clusters

A

READ BOOK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the name for emerging economies cluster?

A

BRICK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main idea behind E.T Hall Model Low-Context cultures?
a) Directness, promptness, punctuality/ Indirectness, politeness
b) Explicit/implicit documentation for binding agreements
c) High/Low attention to detail
d) Impersonality/Interpersonal relationships
e) Relative informality of ritual/Formality
f) High/Low reliance on non-verbals
g) Personal space - social distance/Proximity
h) Tend to have collectivist/individualistic structures

A

a) Directness, promptness, punctuality
b) Explicit
c) High
d) Impersonality
e) Relative informality of ritual
f) Low
g) social distance
h) individualistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main idea behind E.T Hall Model High-Context cultures?
a) Indirectness/Directness and ___
b) Heavy reliance on contexts of communication
c) Low attention to detail
d) ___ agreements binding
e) Inter/Intrapersonal relationships
f) Formality/Informality
g) Proximity/Distance of personal space
h) Avoid/encourage eye contact
i) Tend to have collectivist/individualistic structures

A

a) Indirectness and politeness
b) Heavy
c) Low
d) Oral
e) Interpersonal
f) Formality
g) Proximity
h) Avoid
i) Collectivist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hall’s Model Time orientation
a) Monochronic/Polychronic cultures value relationships
b) Monochronic/Polychronic cultures value clock time

A

a) Polychronic
b) Monochronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the World Values Survey explore?

A

People’s values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 3 definitions for ethics?

A

a. The moral principles or system of a particular leader or school of thought
b. The moral principles by which a person is guided
c. The rules of conduct recognized in certain associations or departments of human life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Based on the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, can ethics be taught? What are the 3 levels of moral

A

Pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pre-conventional, conventional, or post-conventional?
a) What’s right or wrong based on what society believes or what law requires
b) What’s right or wrong based on what authorities say or based on reward and punishment
c) What’s right or wrong based on a universal point of view

A

a) Conventional
b) Pre-conventional
c) Post-conventional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Based on the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, what is among the most important factors for moral development?

A

Education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is it easy or difficult to agree on global standards?

A

Difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some of the most common ethical issues?

A

Employment practices, Human rights, Environmental regulations, Corruption, Moral obligations of multinational corporations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cross-cultural literacy?

A

Understanding how cultural differences across and within countries can affect how business is practiced. Cross differences create a common bond among people. Numerous values and norms exist in these cultural systems that affect international business. Culture can and does evolve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What decides what is ethical?

A

Some argue that it depends on one’s cultural perspective. Ethical dilemmas are situations in which no alternatives seem ethically acceptable.

22
Q

How should corporations handle ethical dilemmas regarding employment, human rights, corruption, and environmental pollution?

A

Pressure from customers and stakeholders to be transparent in ethical decision making. No universal worldwide agreement about what constitutes accepted ethical principles

23
Q

What are the determinants of ethical behaviour? (6)

A

Societal culture
Decision-making processes
Leadership
Unrealistic performance goals
Organizational Culture
Personal ethics

24
Q

What is the Straw Men Philosophical approach to ethics?

A

All individuals adopt a process for making ethical (or unethical) decisions. This process is based on their personal philosophical approach to ethics - that is, the underlying moral fabric on the individual. Straw men are approaches that either deny the value of business ethics or apply the concept in a very unsatisfactory way.

25
Q

What is Friedman’s Doctrine?

A

The social responsibility of business is to increase profits, so long as the company stays with cultural relativism

26
Q

What is Cultural relativism?

A

Implicitly rejects the idea that universal notions of morality transcend different cultures, but as we argue later in the chapter, some universal notions of morality are found across culture.

27
Q

What is moral relativism?

A

Ethics are reflection of culture: When in Rome, do as the Romans do in the rules of law.

28
Q

What is the naive immoralist’s speach?

A

If a manager of a multinational sees that firms from other nations are not following ethical norms in a host nation, that manager should not either

29
Q

What is the idea for the righteous moralist?

A

Home-country standards of ethics should be followed in foreign countries. Criticized for its proponents going too far.

30
Q

What are some shortcomings in the naive and righteous moralists speaches?

A

Naive: To say that an action is ethically justified if everyone is doing it is not sufficient. The multinational must recognize that it does have the ability to change the prevailing practice in a country. It can use its power for a positive moral purpose.

Righteous: While there are some universal moral principles that should not be violated, it does not always follow that the appropriate thing to do is adopt home-country standards.

31
Q

What is the idea behind utilitarianism?

A

Commitment to the maximization of good and minimization of harm. Utilitarianism recognizes that actions have multiple consequences, some of which are good in a social sense and some of which are harmful. As a philosophy for business ethics, it focuses attention on the need to weigh carefully all the social benefits and costs of business activity and to pursue only those actions where the benefits outweigh the costs.

32
Q

What are some drawbacks from utilitarianism?

A

Difficult to measure benefits, costs, and risks of the action
Fails to consider justice
What about minorites?

33
Q

What is the idea behind Kantian Ethics?

A

People should be treated as ends, and never purely as means to the ends of others. People have dignity and need to be respected.

34
Q

What is the idea behind Rights Theories?

A

Human beings have fundamental rights and privileges that transcend national borders and cultures. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Along with rights come obligations

35
Q

T/F: In Rights ethics, there are rights that take precedence over a collective good.

A

True: Fundamental rights

36
Q

Moral theorists argue that ____ ____ form the basis for a moral compass that managers should use in ethical decision making.

A

Fundamental rights

37
Q

What is the idea behind the Justice theories by John Rawls?

A

Focus on the attainment of a just distribution of economic goods and services. Each person allowed maximum amount of liberty compatible with similar liberty for other. Economic goods and services should be distributed equally except when an unequal distribution would work to everyone’s advantage.

38
Q

What is the difference principle?

A

Inequality is allowed as long as it benefits the most disadvantaged.

39
Q

What is the veil of ignorance?

A

Considers that the rights are decided under a veil of ignorance that does not consider race, nationality, gender, and so on.

40
Q

What is moral courage?

A

Enables managers to walk away from a decision that is profitable but unethical. Gives an employee the strength to say no to a superior who instructs employee to pursue actions that are not ethical. Gives employee the integrity to go public to the media and blow the whistle on persistent unethical behaviour in a company.

41
Q

How can companies strengthen the moral courage of employees?

A

By committing themselves to not retaliate against employees who exercise moral courage, say no to superiors, or otherwise complain about unethical actions.

42
Q

What is and what is the role of an ethics officer?

A

Institute ethical officers.
Assess the needs and risks that an ethics program must address.
Develop and distribute a code of ethics.
Conduct training programs for employees
Establish and maintain confidentiality of employees.
Comply with government laws and regulations
Monitor and audit ethical conduct
Take action, where appropriate
Periodically reviewing and updating the code of ethics.

43
Q

How can businesses foster ethical behaviour through their code of ethics?

A

Articulate values that place a strong emphasis on ethical behaviour. Emphasize the importance of a code of ethics. Implement a system of incentives and rewards that recognize people who engage in ethical behaviours and sanction those who do not.
Businesses need to build an organizational culture that values ethical behaviour.

44
Q

What are 2 things that are important in building an organizational culture that emphasizes ethical behaviour?

A
  1. Code of ethics: a business’ formal statement of ethical priorities
  2. Leadership: Helps to establish the culture of an organization and set the examples that others follow. Employees often take cues from business leaders.
44
Q

What are 2 things that are important in building an organizational culture that emphasizes ethical behaviour?

A
  1. Code of ethics: a business’ formal statement of ethical priorities
  2. Leadership: Helps to establish the culture of an organization and set the examples that others follow. Employees often take cues from business leaders.
45
Q

What are the 5 steps to an ethical decision-making process?

A
  1. Identify internal and external stakeholders
  2. Determine whether a decision would violate the fundamental rights of any staleholders
  3. Establish moral intent
  4. Engage in ethical behaviour
  5. Audit decisions to make sure they are consistent with ethical principles.
46
Q

What are some spheres where businesses can put ethical design into practice?

A

Hiring, evaluation, compensation, training -ethics officer

47
Q

What does “tone at the top: important, tone in the middle: crucial” mean?

A

Tone at the top is used to define the management and the board of director’s leadership and commitment to being honest and ethical.
Tone in the middle is about creating a safe space where it is possible for employees to articulate their values and make a positive impact in situations where others may be pursuing an ethically questionable agenda.

48
Q

___ norms are the most impactful on social norms

A

Descriptive

49
Q

Focus on ethical “beacons”: meaning?

A

Tell success stories rather than sharing unethical stories

MARK462 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions