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Sociology > Chapter 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

analysis of social life that focuses on (broad features of society), such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

A

macrosociology,

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2
Q

analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists

A

microsociology

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3
Q

The sociological significance that guides our behavior.

A

social structure

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4
Q

what people do when they come together.

A

social interaction

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5
Q

Refer to a group’s language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and even gestures. Also includes the material objects

A

culture

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6
Q

Major components of social structure are ?

A
  1. culture
  2. social class
  3. social status
  4. roles
  5. groups
  6. social institutions.
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7
Q

It influences not only our behaviors but also our ideas and attitudes._________________

A

social class

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8
Q

all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

A

status set

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9
Q

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

A

ascribed status

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9
Q

positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual’s part

A

achieved statuses

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10
Q

signs that identify a status

A

status symbols

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11
Q

a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

A

master status

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12
Q

ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others

A

status inconsistency or discrepancy

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13
Q

expectations that guide our behavior. When statuses mesh well we know what to expect of people.

A

built-in norms

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13
Q

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

A

role

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14
Q

consists of people who interact with one another and who feel that the values, interests, and norms they have in common are important.

A

group

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15
Q

the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs

A

social institution

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16
Q

point out that a fairly small group of people has garnered the lion’s share of our nation’s wealth. Members of this elite group sit on the boards of our major corporations and our most prestigious universities.

A

Conflict theorists

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17
Q

(both women and men) have used conflict theory to gain a better understanding of how social institutions affect gender relations.

A

Feminist sociologists

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18
Q

view social institutions as working together to meet universal human needs.

A

Functionalists

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19
Q

being transformed and changing values, and contact with cultures around the world

A

new technology

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20
Q

This sociologist was interested in how societies manage to create social integration

A

Emile Durkheim (1893/1933)

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21
Q

the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

A

social integration

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22
Q

Durkheim’s term for the unity (a shared consciousness) people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life.

A

mechanical solidarity

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23
Q

Societies with ________________ tolerate little diversity in behavior, thinking, or attitudes; their unity depends on sharing similar views.

A

mechanical solidarity

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24
Q

As societies get larger, they develop different kinds of work called?

A

specialized division of labor

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25
Q

Durkheim’s term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs

A

organic solidarity

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26
Q

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, are ideal types of social organizations that were systematically elaborated by German sociologist

A

Ferdinand Tönnies

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27
Q

translated as ” community “, is a concept referring to individuals bound together by common norms, often because of shared physical space and shared beliefs.

A

Gemeinschaft,

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28
Q

translated as ” society “, refers to associations in which self-interest is the primary justification for membership

A

Gesellschaft

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29
Q

focus on how people establish meaning and how they communicate their ideas.

A

Symbolic interactionists

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30
Q

This psychologist, wondered whether stereotypes—our assumptions of what people are like—might be self-fulfilling.

A

Mark Snyder (1993)

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31
Q

assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false

A

stereotype

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32
Q

We all surround ourselves with a _________________ and we go to great lengths to protect it. We open the _____________ to intimates—to our friends, children, and parents—but we’re careful to keep most people out of this space.

A

“personal bubble”; personal space

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33
Q

Edward Hall analyzed situations like this, he observed that North Americans use four different “distance zones.”

A
  1. Intimate distance.
  2. Personal distance.
  3. Social distance.
  4. Public distance.
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34
Q

The ways people use their bodies to give messages to others.

A

body language

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35
Q

Sociologist Erving Goffman (1922-1982) added a new twist to microsociology when he recast the theatrical term ____________into a sociological term meaning?

what does this term mean?

A
  • dramaturgy
  • that social life is like a drama or a stage play
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36
Q

What Goffman called our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us

A

impression management

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37
Q

places where people give performances

A

front stages

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38
Q

places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances

A

back stages

39
Q

The particular interpretation that you give a role, your “style,” is known as ?

A

role performance

40
Q

expectations of us in one status are incompatible with what is expected of us in another status. called?

A

role conflict (conflict between roles)

41
Q

Sometimes the same status contains incompatible roles, a conflict known as

A

role strain (conflict within a role)

42
Q

what are the three types of sign-vehicles we use?

A

social setting

appearance

manner.

43
Q

two or more people working together to help a performance come off as planned.

A

teamwork

44
Q

If a performance doesn’t come off quite right, the team might try to save it by using

A

face-saving behavior

45
Q

quit being a nun to become a sociologist.

A

Helen Ebaugh (1988)

46
Q

THE STUDY: of how people use commonsense understandings to make sense of life.

whats is the founder/sociologist’s name?

A

Ethno-methodology

Harold Garfinkel

47
Q

Ethnomethodologists explores?

A

background assumptions

48
Q

“If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences,” said sociologists __________________ in what has become known as the definition of the situation (also called the Thomas theorem)

A

W. I. and Dorothy S. Thomas (1928)

49
Q

background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real

A

the social construction of reality

50
Q

Our behavior depends on how we define

A

reality

51
Q

Experiment done by ____________ to show that we need macrosociology and microsociology

A

William Chambliss (1973)

52
Q

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

A

Groups

53
Q

people who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together.

A

aggregate

54
Q

people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

A

category

55
Q

a small group characterized by cooperative, intimate, long-term, face-to-face relationships is called?

who was it termed by?

A

primary group termed by Charles Cooley

56
Q

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

A

group

57
Q

A larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

A

secondary group

58
Q

groups made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships and voluntary organizations

A

voluntary association

59
Q

The key members of a voluntary association. Often grow distant from the regular members. They become convinced that only they can be trusted to make the group’s important decisions.

A

inner circle

60
Q

Robert Michels’ term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite

A

iron law of oligarchy

61
Q

a group toward which one feels loyalty

A

in-group

62
Q

a group toward which one feels antagonism

A

out-group

63
Q

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

A

reference group

64
Q

It is the smallest part of social networks, including people we hang out with. forms a core part of our reference groups.

A

friends and acquaintances

65
Q

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

A

social network

66
Q

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

A

clique

67
Q

Three major changes have undermined this general stability of the workplace

A

globalization, outsourcing, and subcontracting

68
Q

came up with a classic study called “the small world phenomenon, and is a former student of Solomon Asch

A

Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

69
Q

decided to replicate Milgram’s study.

A

Judith Kleinfeld (2002)

70
Q

Weber analyzed a type of organization that has since become dominant in social life. To achieve more efficient results, _______________________ shift the emphasis from traditional relationships based on personal loyalties to the “bottom line.

A

bureaucracy

71
Q

As Weber (1913/1947) pointed out, bureaucracies have:

A
  1. Separate levels, with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward.
  2. A division of labor.
  3. Written rules.
  4. Written communications and records.
  5. Impersonality and replaceability.
72
Q

This term refers to the standardization of everyday life, a process that is transforming our lives.

A

McDonaldization of society

73
Q

after an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue it is now called

A

goal displacement

74
Q

workers being cut off from the finished product of their labor.

A

alienation

75
Q

ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person’s behaving in ways that match the stereotype

A

self-fulfilling stereotypes

76
Q

________found that such self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of a “hidden” corporate culture.

A

Kanter (1977, 1983)

77
Q

efforts to minimize conflict among people of different backgrounds and promote their cooperation in reaching mutual goals is called?

A

diversity training

78
Q

With cameras monitoring the workplace and taking video images of us as we walk on the street and shop in stores and with our smartphones and cars broadcasting our location, and with the National Security Agency’s vast spy network crisscrossing the nation, we seem to be moving toward a ______________________

A

maximum-security society

79
Q

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

A

group dynamics

80
Q

a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other people. Can be primary or secondary

A

small group

81
Q

1900s, sociologist ___________________ analyzed how group size affects people’s behavior.

A

Georg Simmel (1858-1918)

82
Q

the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

A

dyad

83
Q

A ________________ is a group of three people

A

triad

84
Q

It is less in triads, but is inherently stronger and give greater stability to a relationships

A

interaction

85
Q

two group members aligning themselves against one.

A

coalitions

86
Q

As groups grow, they also tend to develop a more _________________.

example, leaders emerge and more specialized roles come into play

A

formal structure

87
Q

individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader

A

instrumental leader;

88
Q

someone who influences other people

A

Leaders

89
Q

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

A

Expressive leaders

90
Q

ways in which people express their leadership

A

leadership styles

91
Q

an individual who leads by giving orders

A

authoritarian leader

92
Q

an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

A

democratic leader

93
Q

an individual who leads by being highly permissive

A

laissez-faire leader

94
Q

carried out a classic study of leadership styles.

A

Ralph White (1958)

95
Q

Conducted conformity experiment.

A

Solomon Asch

96
Q

a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty

A

groupthink

Sociology (5 decks)

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