Chapter 4 Flashcards
Head and neck cancer is associated with Epidemiology. What is Epidemiology?
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
What are the risk factors of head and neck cancer?
was not able to get these notes. ASK SOMEONE
What are the other factors to consider with head and neck cancer?
alternative tobacco
What are alternatives to tobacco that are being used?
electronic cigarettes; they are regulated in the UK
they are not regulated in the US
What has a more concentrated risk due to the nature of its use?
hookah
charcoal
these allow for second hand exposures
risk of infection when sharing pipes
Examples of second hand exposure to smoke.
Smoke from lit end of a cigarette.
What is 3rd hand exposure to smoke?
smoke particles on clothing, drapes, cars
What is the most common virus in head and neck diseases?
Human Papilloma Virus 16
How many genotypes of HPV are there?
100
What does HOV6, 11, 18 infect?
mucosa of oral cavity and cervix, uterine, genetal tract
A low infection of HPV causes what?
warts
A high infection of HPV causes what?
cancer
What is a benign tumor?
lacks the ability to spread
What is a malignant tumor?
has ability to spread or become worse
What does metastasize mean?
the point of which the cancer starts to spread to other areas of the body
What is TNM system?
T= tumor size (0-4) N= number of nodes involved (0-3) M= present or absent of metastases (MX-M1)
What would T2N1M1 mean?
Would mean the tumor is between 2-4cm, involves one lymph node, and it has metastisized or spread
List complaints of a patient with head and neck cancer.
trismus odynophagia weight loss dyspnea voice change dysphagia neck mass otalgia
trismus
spasm of the jaw muscles, causing the mouth to remain tightly closed, typically as a symptom of tetanus.
odynophagia
painful swallowing in the mouth or esophagus
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
Otalgia
ear pain
What can be affected because of head and neck cancer?
oral oropharynx supraglottic larynx hypopharynx larynx
What is affected in the oral phase of a head and neck patient?
tongue
palate buccal mucosa
floor of mouth
What part of the oropharynx is affected in a head and neck cancer patient?
tonsil
tongue base
What parts of the suprglottic larynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?
false vocal cords
aryepiglottic folds
epiglottis
What parts of they hypopharynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?
pyriform sinuses
pharyngeal wall
What part of the larynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?
true vocal cords
arytenoids
What is the pathophysiology of a head and neck cancer patient?
reduced tongue/bolus control reduced tongue elevation slowed oral transit with disorganized tongue movement delayed pharyngeal swallow reduced tongue base retraction reduced pharyngeal wall contraction reduced laryngeal elevation reduced UES/PES opening reduced velopharyngeal closure reduced epiglottic inversion
What are the pathopysiologies of laryngeal cancer?
reduced laryngeal elevation
reduced glottal and laryngeal closure
reduced UES or PES opening
reduced pharyngeal wall contraction
What are treatment options for head and neck cancer patients?
surgery - removal or resection?
radiotherapy or radiation- high energy rays used to kill cancer cells
chemotherapy- use drugs to kill cancer cells
combination of XRT and CT
clinical trials
Describe treatment of surgery for small tumors from oral cancers.
small tumors on the tongue and mouth can occur and patient usually can have a resection utilizing healthy tissue on the floor of the mouth or the mandible.
Describe treatment of surgery for large tumors from oral cancers.
Large tumors on tongue/mouth require larger resection
What is a glossectomy?
partial or total removal of tongue
When might they do radical neck?
if cancer is in the lymph nodeson one side
Saliva glands are in the head and neck area. How many are in your neck?
200 of 700 are in your neck
What happens in many resections?
there is not enough healthy tissue to complete closure of the surgery site so a flap or graft is done.
What is a flap?
a piece of tissue that still has an artery attached to it transplanted to another part of the od.
What is a graft?
a piece od tissue that….did not get the rest of this slide
Where can tumors form in patients with laryngeal cancer?
supraglottic tumors form: epiglottis, false vocal folds, true vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds
Unilateral laryngeal….
did not get enough information on this slide
What kind of surgery happens on patients with laryngeal cancer?
supraglottic laryngectomy
Describe a suprglottic laryngectomy.
Part or all of the hyoid bone and epiglottis superiorly, the aryepiglottic folds and the false vocal folds are removed.
What is the biggest problem that happens because of a supraglottic laryngectomy?
getting tongue base to posterior pharyngeal wall to contact along airway with closure
What happens when a patient gets a total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer? TEST QUESTION
physical separation of the GI tract from the respiratory tract
OR
separation from the airway from esophogus
TEST QUESTION
