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Dysphagia > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Head and neck cancer is associated with Epidemiology. What is Epidemiology?

A

the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

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2
Q

What are the risk factors of head and neck cancer?

A

was not able to get these notes. ASK SOMEONE

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3
Q

What are the other factors to consider with head and neck cancer?

A

alternative tobacco

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4
Q

What are alternatives to tobacco that are being used?

A

electronic cigarettes; they are regulated in the UK

they are not regulated in the US

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5
Q

What has a more concentrated risk due to the nature of its use?

A

hookah
charcoal
these allow for second hand exposures
risk of infection when sharing pipes

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6
Q

Examples of second hand exposure to smoke.

A

Smoke from lit end of a cigarette.

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7
Q

What is 3rd hand exposure to smoke?

A

smoke particles on clothing, drapes, cars

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8
Q

What is the most common virus in head and neck diseases?

A

Human Papilloma Virus 16

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9
Q

How many genotypes of HPV are there?

A

100

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10
Q

What does HOV6, 11, 18 infect?

A

mucosa of oral cavity and cervix, uterine, genetal tract

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11
Q

A low infection of HPV causes what?

A

warts

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12
Q

A high infection of HPV causes what?

A

cancer

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13
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

lacks the ability to spread

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14
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

has ability to spread or become worse

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15
Q

What does metastasize mean?

A

the point of which the cancer starts to spread to other areas of the body

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16
Q

What is TNM system?

A 
T= tumor size (0-4)
N= number of nodes involved (0-3)
M= present or absent of metastases (MX-M1)
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17
Q

What would T2N1M1 mean?

A

Would mean the tumor is between 2-4cm, involves one lymph node, and it has metastisized or spread

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18
Q

List complaints of a patient with head and neck cancer.

A 
trismus
odynophagia
weight loss
dyspnea
voice change
dysphagia
neck mass
otalgia
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19
Q

trismus

A

spasm of the jaw muscles, causing the mouth to remain tightly closed, typically as a symptom of tetanus.

20
Q

odynophagia

A

painful swallowing in the mouth or esophagus

21
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

22
Q

Otalgia

A

ear pain

23
Q

What can be affected because of head and neck cancer?

A 
oral
oropharynx
supraglottic larynx
hypopharynx
larynx
24
Q

What is affected in the oral phase of a head and neck patient?

A

tongue
palate buccal mucosa
floor of mouth

25
Q

What part of the oropharynx is affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

A

tonsil

tongue base

26
Q

What parts of the suprglottic larynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

A

false vocal cords
aryepiglottic folds
epiglottis

27
Q

What parts of they hypopharynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

A

pyriform sinuses

pharyngeal wall

28
Q

What part of the larynx can be affected in a head and neck cancer patient?

A

true vocal cords

arytenoids

29
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a head and neck cancer patient?

A 
reduced tongue/bolus control
reduced tongue elevation
slowed oral transit with disorganized tongue movement
delayed pharyngeal swallow
reduced tongue base retraction
reduced pharyngeal wall contraction
reduced laryngeal elevation
reduced UES/PES opening
reduced velopharyngeal closure
reduced epiglottic inversion
30
Q

What are the pathopysiologies of laryngeal cancer?

A

reduced laryngeal elevation
reduced glottal and laryngeal closure
reduced UES or PES opening
reduced pharyngeal wall contraction

31
Q

What are treatment options for head and neck cancer patients?

A

surgery - removal or resection?
radiotherapy or radiation- high energy rays used to kill cancer cells
chemotherapy- use drugs to kill cancer cells
combination of XRT and CT
clinical trials

32
Q

Describe treatment of surgery for small tumors from oral cancers.

A

small tumors on the tongue and mouth can occur and patient usually can have a resection utilizing healthy tissue on the floor of the mouth or the mandible.

33
Q

Describe treatment of surgery for large tumors from oral cancers.

A

Large tumors on tongue/mouth require larger resection

34
Q

What is a glossectomy?

A

partial or total removal of tongue

35
Q

When might they do radical neck?

A

if cancer is in the lymph nodeson one side

36
Q

Saliva glands are in the head and neck area. How many are in your neck?

A

200 of 700 are in your neck

37
Q

What happens in many resections?

A

there is not enough healthy tissue to complete closure of the surgery site so a flap or graft is done.

38
Q

What is a flap?

A

a piece of tissue that still has an artery attached to it transplanted to another part of the od.

39
Q

What is a graft?

A

a piece od tissue that….did not get the rest of this slide

40
Q

Where can tumors form in patients with laryngeal cancer?

A

supraglottic tumors form: epiglottis, false vocal folds, true vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds

41
Q

Unilateral laryngeal….

A

did not get enough information on this slide

42
Q

What kind of surgery happens on patients with laryngeal cancer?

A

supraglottic laryngectomy

43
Q

Describe a suprglottic laryngectomy.

A

Part or all of the hyoid bone and epiglottis superiorly, the aryepiglottic folds and the false vocal folds are removed.

44
Q

What is the biggest problem that happens because of a supraglottic laryngectomy?

A

getting tongue base to posterior pharyngeal wall to contact along airway with closure

45
Q

What happens when a patient gets a total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer? TEST QUESTION

A

physical separation of the GI tract from the respiratory tract
OR
separation from the airway from esophogus
TEST QUESTION

Dysphagia (7 decks)

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