Chapter 4

Question 1

Plant cells have both chloroplast and mitochondria. Where do the sugars come from for cellular respiration in plants cells?

Answer 1

In addition, cellular respiration releases much more usable energy than does … In cellular respiration, cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars … Just as photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts, cellular respiration …

Question 2

Identify the three parts of a mitochondria.

Answer 2

outer membrane, inner membrane,matrix.

Question 3

What is the function of cellular respiration? (Why is it essential to life?)

Answer 3

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Cellular respiration provides energy for living organisms. So, cellular respiration is important because it provides the energy for living organisms to perform all of the other necessary actions.

Question 4

Where does glycolysis occur in a cell?

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

Explain the difference between the terms aerobic an Anaerobic.

Answer 5

Aerobic means “with oxygen,” and anaerobic means “without oxygen.” Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.

Question 6

Glycolysis breaks glucose into two…

Answer 6

break glucose down to form two pyruvates

Question 7

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 7

is an anaerobic process

Question 8

How many ATP are produced by glycolysis?

Answer 8

Four total molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis. Two, however, are used during the glycolysis reactions. So the netgain is 2. Its the same thing for the total Atps made.

Question 9

Where in the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle take place in?

Answer 9

The electron transport chain is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. (In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is embedded in the cell’s outer membrane, and the Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm).

Question 10

What does the Krebs cycle do with pyruvates AND what is created when this happens?

Answer 10

The Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

The Krebs’s cycle produces 2 ATP’s, 8 NADH’s, and 2FADH2’s per glucose molecule

Question 11

How many Atp does the Krebs cycle produce?

Answer 11

2 ATP

Question 12

Is the Krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 12

Aerobic

Question 13

Where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 13

In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase.

Question 14

how many atp are produced by the electron transport chain?

Answer 14

2 ATP

Question 15

Does the electron transport chain produce carbon dioxide or water?

Answer 15

water

Question 16

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

Answer 16

In addition to ATP, there are several other waste products of cellular respiration. These include H2O(Water), and CO2(Carbon Dioxide). Water is produced in the last step of cellular respiration, when 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen ions, and 1 oxygen atom react to form 1 water molecule.

Question 17

Identify the 6 steps of cellular respiration, in order.

Answer 17

A. Glycolysis (occurs in the cytoplasm)
1. One glucose is split into two pyruvates (C3H4O3).
2. 4 ATP are produced, but 2 endergonic reactions use up 2 ATP.
3. Glycolysis requires no oxygen, and occurs whether oxygen is present or not.
4. Glycolysis occurs in all living cells.
5. Fermentation follows glycolysis in anaerobic conditions.
a. Fermentation is not part of aerobic cellular respiration.
b. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.
c. The purpose of fermentation is to prevent the accumulation of pyruvate, and to prevent the depletion of the NADox pool.
d. There is more than one kind of fermentation.
B. Krebs Cycle (occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria)
1. The Krebs cycle follows glycolysis in aerobic conditions (if the cell is capable of aerobic respiration).
2. It produces one ATP per pyruvate fed into the cycle.
3. It produces 4 NADred and 1 FADred for each pyruvate.
4. The Krebs Cycle uses no oxygen, but it can’t go if the ETS isn’t going, so it’s O2 dependent.
5. This cycle runs once per pyruvate, thus twice per glucose.
6. Per glucose, the Krebs Cycle produces 6 CO2 (discarded as waste in animal cells, recaptured for photosynthesis in plant cells).
C. Electron Transport System (oxidative phosphoryllation) (occurs in the membranes of the cristae of the mitochondria)
1. The hydrogens on the reduced NAD’s and FAD’s are split into one H+ and one e- each.
2. The electrons are used to perform a series of reduction/oxidation chemical reactions which produce a lot of energy, which is used to make 34 ATP’s (probably via chemiosmotic coupling) and quite a bit of heat.
3. Electron pairs from NAD red result in the production of 3 ATP’s each; those from FADred produce only two.
4. At the end, the electrons are reunited with their H+ and joined to ½ O2 (from the air) to produce H2O.

Question 18

What macromolecules do animal cells primarily obtain energy from?

Answer 18

The four major macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. … in the blood of animals, broken down to produce chemical energy inside the cell, and … Fatty acids are saturated when they do not contain any double bonds … Phospholipids are found primarily in the cell membranes of living systems, …