Chapter 4 (4.1-4.7) & Chapter 11 (11.1-11.6)

Question 1

The most abundant element in earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere, and in the human body

Answer 1

Oxygen

Question 2

Top 4 elements on planet earth

Answer 2

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron

Question 3

Top 4 elements in human body

Answer 3

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 4

What year did Dalton come up with his atomic theory?

Answer 4

1808

Question 5

What postulate of Dalton’s Atomic Theory corresponds with the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Answer 5

Postulate #2 & #3

Question 6

What postulate of Dalton’s Atomic Theory corresponds with the Law of Constant Composition?

Answer 6

Postulate #4

Question 7

What postulate of Dalton’s Atomic Theory corresponds with the Law of Conservation of Matter?

Answer 7

Postulate #5

Question 8

Postulate #1 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Answer 8

All matter is composed of indivisible atoms. An atom is an extremely small particle of matter that retains its identity during chemical reactions.

Question 9

Postulates #2 & #3 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Answer 9

An element is a type of matter composed of only one kind of atoms, each atom of a given kind having the same properties. (Mass is one such characteristic property), which means: all atoms of a given element are identical, and all atoms of different elements are different.

Question 10

Postulate #4 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Answer 10

Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.

Question 11

Postulate #5 of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Answer 11

Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. That is, atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together.

Question 12

Lavoisier knew of how many different elements?

Answer 12

33

Question 13

Berzelius knew of how many different elements?

Answer 13

45

Question 14

Mendeleev knew of how many different elements?

Answer 14

66

Question 15

How many total elements are known today?

Answer 15

115

Question 16

How many elements are found in nature?

Answer 16

88

Question 17

JJ Thomson did his work in what year?

Answer 17

1897

Question 18

JJ Thomson discovered what?

Answer 18

Electrons (negative particles)

Question 19

JJ Thomson calculated what?

Answer 19

Electron mass to charge ratio (m/q), NOT the individual value of mass and of charge

Question 20

JJ Thomson’s experiment

Answer 20

Cathode Ray Experiment

Question 21

Robert Millikan did his work in what year?

Answer 21

1909

Question 22

Robert Millikan’s experiment

Answer 22

Oil Drop Experiment

Question 23

Robert Millikan measured what?

Answer 23

Charge on an electron

Question 24

Robert Millikan calculated what?

Answer 24

Mass of an electron (9.109 x 10^-31 kg)

Question 25

Ernest Rutherford did his work in what year?

Answer 25

1911

Question 26

Ernest Rutherford's experiment

Answer 26

Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment

Question 27

Rutherford's "deflecting" of the alpha particles shows what?

Answer 27

The nucleus of the atom is positively charged by positive particles, known as protons.

Question 28

Rutherford's "bouncing back" of the alpha particles shows what?

Answer 28

The atom has a dense center around which electrons travel, known as the nucleus. The nucleus accounts for most of the atom's mass.

Question 29

Rutherford's "passing through" the gold foil of the alpha particles shows what?

Answer 29

Most of the atom is empty space, with the nucleus's diameter being 10^-13 cm and the atom's diameter being 10^-8 cm.

Question 30

Ernest Rutherford's model of the atom

Answer 30

Nuclear Model

Question 31

Rutherford & Chadwick did their work in what year?

Answer 31

1932

Question 32

Rutherford & Chadwick discovered what?

Answer 32

Neutron (neutral particle)

Question 33

The proof of the neutron

Answer 33

Increased atomic mass

Question 34

The role of the neutron

Answer 34

Buffer between positive protons and negative electrons (prevents atom from collapsing on itself)

Question 35

Mass proton = ?

Answer 35

Mass neutron

Question 36

Which subatomic particle has a negligible mass (lighter than the other two)?

Answer 36

Electron

Question 37

What controls the atom's mass?

Answer 37

Nucleus

Question 38

What determines the identity of an atom?

Answer 38

Number of protons

Question 39

What controls the chemical behavior of an atom?

Answer 39

Electron

Question 40

What has a neutral charge?

Answer 40

Neutron

Question 41

The charge proton and the charge electron have what?

Answer 41

Equal magnitude

Question 42

What are isotopes?

Answer 42

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 43

What is the weighted average of the masses of all the available isotopes of an element?

Answer 43

Atomic mass

Question 44

Where does the "weighting" of the atomic mass come from?

Answer 44

The element's fractional abundance

Question 45

What is in the center of a nuclide symbol?

Answer 45

Element symbol

Question 46

What is superscript and to the left of the element symbol in a nuclide symbol?

Answer 46

Mass number (A), represents the number of proton plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus, NEVER a whole number

Question 47

What is subscript and to the left of the element symbol?

Answer 47

Atomic number (Z), represents the number of protons in the nucleus

Question 48

What are the trace elements?

Answer 48

Cr, I, Mn, Cu, Li

Question 49

What is the function of Cr?

Answer 49

Helps metabolize sugars

Question 50

What is the function of I?

Answer 50

Proper functioning of thyroid

Question 51

What is the function of Mn?

Answer 51

Maintain proper Ca level in bones

Question 52

What is the function of Cu?

Answer 52

Involved in production of red blood cells

Question 53

What is the function of Li?

Answer 53

Used for treatment of manic depression

Question 54

What does the Carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio tell?

Answer 54

If an elephant is a leaf eater or a grass eater (diet depends on habitat), and identifies sources of illegal ivory

Question 55

What does the Nitrogen-15/Nitrogen-14 ratio tell?

Answer 55

Higher for carnivores than herbivores (carnivores eat more protein via meat)

Question 56

What do strontium isotopes identify?

Answer 56

Source of logs in the Pueblo (Anasazi) dwelling in the Chaco Canyon, therefore letting us understand the building practices of the Anasazi

Question 57

The major question unanswered by Rutherford's work

Answer 57

How the electrons are arranged in an atom nor did he discuss how the electrons moved.

Question 58

A continuous repeating change or oscillation in matter or in a physical field

Answer 58

Wave

Question 59

The distance between any tow adjacent identical points (crest or trough) or a wave

Answer 59

Wavelength

Question 60

The number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point in one second

Answer 60

Frequency

Question 61

A particle of electromagnetic energy with energy E proportional to the observed frequency of light

Answer 61

Photon

Question 62

Two characteristics that describe a wave

Answer 62

Frequency and wavelength

Question 63

Equation that relates speed, frequency, and wavelength

Answer 63

Speed (C) = λ (wavelength) x ν (frequency)

Question 64

Type of relationship that exists between frequency and wavelength

Answer 64

Inverse (indirect) - an increase in wavelength means a decrease in frequency and vice versa

Question 65

The entire electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength

Answer 65

Gamma, X-Ray, UV, Visible, Infrared, Microwave, Radar, Radio

Question 66

The visible spectrum in order of increasing wavelength

Answer 66

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

Question 67

What range of wavelengths (in nm) is defined as the visible spectrum?

Answer 67

400 nm (violet) to 800 nm (red)

Question 68

A spectrum that contains light of all wavelengths

Answer 68

Continuous spectrum

Question 69

A spectrum that contains and shows only specific wavelengths of light

Answer 69

Line spectrum

Question 70

Bohr's theory is based on what atom?

Answer 70

Hydrogen

Question 71

Bohr's model of the atom

Answer 71

Planetary model

Question 72

What idea was at the center of deBroglie's reasoning?

Answer 72

If light exhibits particle aspects, perhaps particles of matter show characteristics of waves (undetectable waves).

Question 73

The deBroglie relation equation

Answer 73

λ = Planck's constant/(mass*velocity)

Question 74

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Answer 74

You cannot know the position and location of an electron simultaneously

Question 75

Who mathematically defined the probability of finding an electron in a region of space around the nucleus?

Answer 75

Schrodinger

Question 76

What is the probability of finding an electron in a region of space around the nucleus called?

Answer 76

Ψ^2

Question 77

What is Schrodinger's wave function?

Answer 77

Ψ

Question 78

What is the speed of light (c)?

Answer 78

c = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s

Question 79

Type of relationship that exists between energy and frequency

Answer 79

Direct relationship

Question 80

Who stated that light came in particles called quanta or photons and showed that light energy could be through of a particles for certain applications?

Answer 80

Max Planck

Question 81

Niels Bohr did his work in what year?

Answer 81

1913

Question 82

Erwin Schrodinger did his work in what year?

Answer 82

1926