Chapter 4 Flashcards
Four layers of the skin
Stratum corneum-
outermost layer. Dead epi. Filled with K
*** stratum lucidum- thick skin soles and palms
Stratum granulosum-
3-5 layers flattened granular cells (K granules)
Stratum spinosum-
Many layers spiky cell lg nuclei
Stratum basale (germinativum)- innermost layer
Above BM
Single row mitosing Cuboildal epi cells
Composed of Melanocytes (produce pigment melanin)
Skin functions
Protection Excretion Regulation of body temp Cutaneous sensation Vitamin D synthesis Blood reservoir Immunity
Dermis
Inner layer of the skin. Two layers.
Papillary and reticular
Papillary layer
Loose Areolar CT
Dermal papillae (fingerprints)
Meissner’s Corpuscles
Mosquito= light punch
Reticular layer
(80%)
Dense irregular CT
Elastic, reticular, and collagen fibers.
Pacinian corpuscles- deep pressure.
Really fat person= Deep Pain
Sebaceous glands
Holocrine. In ever hair follicles
Sebum is secreted into hair follicle.
Keeps hair & skin soft, pliable, waterproof.
Skin glands
Merocrine(eccrine)
Coil - duct - pore
No odor.
Apocrine
Odor.
Armpit groin.
Salts wastes oil cellular debris
Physiologic factors that may affect skin color
Carotene in corneum- orange
Hemoglobin (hb) in dermal blood vessels - pink
Lack of hb- blue (cyanosis)
Inability to break down hb (liver)- yellow (jaundice)
Hypothermia
Low body temp
Dangerous below 94 degrees
Limbs can withstand 65 degrees
Intermediates
Anything between reactants and products.
Can leave and become reactants of another reaction
Cofactors
Inorganic
Minerals
Coenzyme
Organic, with C,
Vitamins
Energy in and out during glycolysis
IN:
Glucose in, and ATP before first step.
ATP in after fructose 6 phosphate, before bisphosphate
OUT:
Btwn bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoglycerate
Btwn PEP and pryruvate (end product)
2 net ATP
1 NADH
Glycolysis overview
1 6 C Glucose -> 2 3 C pryruvate a Cytoplasm Anaerobic No O2 2 ATP net gain
