Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the four basic types of tissues?
Nervous - communication
Muscle - movement
Epithelial - coverings, linings, secretions
Connective - support, attachment, transport
What are the three embryonic germ layers and which tissues do they produce?
Endoderm - linings of digestive tract/derivatives
Mesoderm - muscle, bone, blood
Ectoderm - nervous/integumentary system
What are the CHARACTERISTICS of epithelial tissue?
Mostly composed of cells Covers body/forms glands Has free surface (lines lumen), lateral surface (attached to other cells) and basal surface (attached to BM) Basement membrane Cell/matrix connections Avascular Capable of regeneration
What is the importance of the basement membrane?
Extracellular - formed by secretions of both epithelium/connective tissue “acellular glue”
Guides cell migration during tissue repair
Acts as filter in nephron of kidney
NOT EVERY EPITHELIUM HAS BM.
What are the FUNCTIONS of epithelial tissue?
Protecting underlying structures
Acts as a barrier
Permits passage of substances (kidney allows molecules to move through)
Secretes/absorbs substances
How are epithelial tissues classified?
Number of layers
Shape
Functional characteristics
What are the types of epithelial tissues?
Simple epithelium - single layer
Stratified epithelium - 1+ layer, basal attaches to BM
Pseudostratified epithelium - appears stratified but all layers attach to BM, not all reach surface
What is the purpose of simple epithelium tissue?
Covers surfaces
Diffuses gases
Filters blood
Absorption/secretion
Where do you find stratified epithelium?
Where protection is major function - abrasion areas.
Urethra, esophagus, vagina, anus.
What are the basic epithelial shapes and their function?
Squamous - flat/scale like: allows diffusion/filter
Cuboidal - cube shaped: secretion/absorption
Columnar - long/thin: same as cuboidal
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glandular epithelial?
Exocrine - ducts which are lined with epithelium
Endocrine - no ducts, not open to surface of an organ
What are the FUNCTIONS of connective tissue?
Enclosing and separating other tissues Connecting tissues Supporting/moving parts of body Strong compounds Cushioning/insulating Transporting Protecting
What are the 9 cells of connective tissue?
Blasts Cytes Clasts Adipose cells Mast cells White blood cells Macrophages Platelets Undifferentiated mesenchyme/stem cells
What is the function of connective tissue BLASTS?
Creates the matrix.
What is the function of connective tissue CYTES?
Maintains the matrix
What is the function of connective tissue CLASTS?
Breaks down matrix for remodeling
What are connective tissue ADIPOSE CELLS?
Fat cells - large amounts of lipid
What are connective tissue MAST cells?
Contain chemicals related to injury response.
What is the function of connective tissue WHITE BLOOD CELLS?
Move from blood vessels into connective tissues in response to injury or infection - flood the area.
What are connective tissue MACROPHAGES?
Derived from a type of white blood cell, can be fixed or wandering.
What are connective tissue PLATELETS?
Fragments of cells that contain enzymes and special proteins that help with clotting.
What are connective tissue UM/stem cells?
Potential to form multiple cell types in response to injury.
What are the two major types of connective tissue?
Adult and embryonic
Describe the general extracellular matrix of connective tissues.
Made up of protein fibers, ground substances consisting of nonfibrous protein and fluid.
Structure of matrix gives connective tissue types most of functional characteristics.
What are the three types of protein fibers that help form connective tissue?
Collagen fibers - most common: strong, flexible, inelastic
Reticular - fills spaces between tissues/organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks
Elastic - returns to original shape. Resembles coiled springs
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
Loose (3 kinds) and dense (4 kinds) connective tissue
What are the types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar - attaches skin to underlying surfaces
Adipose - stores energy/heat production
Reticular - forms framework of lymphatic tissue
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular collagenous - tendons/ligaments
Dense regular elastic - vocal folds
Dense irregular collagenous - dermis, capsules of spleen and kidney, cartilage!
Dense irregular elastic - walls of arteries
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?
Growth of long bones
Rigidity in trachea, bronchi, ribs and nose
Embryonic skeleton
What are the functions of fibrocartilage?
Connects structures subjected to great pressure (intervertebral disks, knee, TMJ)
What are the functions of elastic cartilage?
Rigidity with even more flexibility - elastic fibers return to original shape.
Ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal - striated/voluntary
Cardiac - striated/involuntary
Smooth - non-striated/involuntary
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
Major force for moving blood through blood vessels
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
Moves the body
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
Moves food through digestive tract Empties bladder Regulates blood vessel diameter Changes pupil size Contracts gland ducts Moves hair ETC.
What are the components of nervous tissue?
Consists of neurons, which have:
Cell body
Dendrites - receive action potential
Axons - send action potential
What are the three types of neurons?
Multi-polar: several dendrites, one axon
Bipolar: single dendrite, single axon
Pseudo-unipolar: single, short process that extends from cell body
What are the functions of the neuroglia?
Support cells of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves - “glue”
Nourish
Protect
Insulate
What are the three major types of tissue membranes?
Mucous
Serous
Synovial
What is the purpose of mucous membranes?
Line cavities and canals that open to outside of body. May contain smooth muscle.
What is the purpose of serous membranes?
Line cavities that do NOT open to exterior. Lubricates membranes and makes surfaces slippery.
Pericardium, pleural and peritoneal membranes.
3 COMPONENTS: mesothelium, BM, loose connective tissue
What is the purpose of synovial membranes?
Line freely moveable joints. Produce synovial fluid - makes joint fluid slippery and facilitates smooth joint movement.
