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Anatomy & Physiology: Exam 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues?

A

Nervous - communication
Muscle - movement
Epithelial - coverings, linings, secretions
Connective - support, attachment, transport

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2
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers and which tissues do they produce?

A

Endoderm - linings of digestive tract/derivatives
Mesoderm - muscle, bone, blood
Ectoderm - nervous/integumentary system

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3
Q

What are the CHARACTERISTICS of epithelial tissue?

A 
Mostly composed of cells
Covers body/forms glands
Has free surface (lines lumen), lateral surface (attached to other cells) and basal surface (attached to BM)
Basement membrane
Cell/matrix connections
Avascular
Capable of regeneration
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4
Q

What is the importance of the basement membrane?

A

Extracellular - formed by secretions of both epithelium/connective tissue “acellular glue”
Guides cell migration during tissue repair
Acts as filter in nephron of kidney

NOT EVERY EPITHELIUM HAS BM.

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5
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of epithelial tissue?

A

Protecting underlying structures
Acts as a barrier
Permits passage of substances (kidney allows molecules to move through)
Secretes/absorbs substances

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6
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified?

A

Number of layers
Shape
Functional characteristics

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7
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissues?

A

Simple epithelium - single layer
Stratified epithelium - 1+ layer, basal attaches to BM
Pseudostratified epithelium - appears stratified but all layers attach to BM, not all reach surface

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8
Q

What is the purpose of simple epithelium tissue?

A

Covers surfaces
Diffuses gases
Filters blood
Absorption/secretion

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9
Q

Where do you find stratified epithelium?

A

Where protection is major function - abrasion areas.

Urethra, esophagus, vagina, anus.

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10
Q

What are the basic epithelial shapes and their function?

A

Squamous - flat/scale like: allows diffusion/filter
Cuboidal - cube shaped: secretion/absorption
Columnar - long/thin: same as cuboidal

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11
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glandular epithelial?

A

Exocrine - ducts which are lined with epithelium

Endocrine - no ducts, not open to surface of an organ

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12
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of connective tissue?

A 
Enclosing and separating other tissues
Connecting tissues
Supporting/moving parts of body
Strong compounds
Cushioning/insulating
Transporting
Protecting
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13
Q

What are the 9 cells of connective tissue?

A 
Blasts
Cytes
Clasts
Adipose cells
Mast cells
White blood cells
Macrophages
Platelets
Undifferentiated mesenchyme/stem cells
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14
Q

What is the function of connective tissue BLASTS?

A

Creates the matrix.

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15
Q

What is the function of connective tissue CYTES?

A

Maintains the matrix

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16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue CLASTS?

A

Breaks down matrix for remodeling

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17
Q

What are connective tissue ADIPOSE CELLS?

A

Fat cells - large amounts of lipid

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18
Q

What are connective tissue MAST cells?

A

Contain chemicals related to injury response.

19
Q

What is the function of connective tissue WHITE BLOOD CELLS?

A

Move from blood vessels into connective tissues in response to injury or infection - flood the area.

20
Q

What are connective tissue MACROPHAGES?

A

Derived from a type of white blood cell, can be fixed or wandering.

21
Q

What are connective tissue PLATELETS?

A

Fragments of cells that contain enzymes and special proteins that help with clotting.

22
Q

What are connective tissue UM/stem cells?

A

Potential to form multiple cell types in response to injury.

23
Q

What are the two major types of connective tissue?

A

Adult and embryonic

24
Q

Describe the general extracellular matrix of connective tissues.

A

Made up of protein fibers, ground substances consisting of nonfibrous protein and fluid.

Structure of matrix gives connective tissue types most of functional characteristics.

25
Q

What are the three types of protein fibers that help form connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers - most common: strong, flexible, inelastic

Reticular - fills spaces between tissues/organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks

Elastic - returns to original shape. Resembles coiled springs

26
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose (3 kinds) and dense (4 kinds) connective tissue

27
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar - attaches skin to underlying surfaces
Adipose - stores energy/heat production
Reticular - forms framework of lymphatic tissue

28
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular collagenous - tendons/ligaments
Dense regular elastic - vocal folds
Dense irregular collagenous - dermis, capsules of spleen and kidney, cartilage!
Dense irregular elastic - walls of arteries

29
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

30
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

Growth of long bones
Rigidity in trachea, bronchi, ribs and nose
Embryonic skeleton

31
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Connects structures subjected to great pressure (intervertebral disks, knee, TMJ)

32
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilage?

A

Rigidity with even more flexibility - elastic fibers return to original shape.

Ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes.

33
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal - striated/voluntary
Cardiac - striated/involuntary
Smooth - non-striated/involuntary

34
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Major force for moving blood through blood vessels

35
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Moves the body

36
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A 
Moves food through digestive tract
Empties bladder
Regulates blood vessel diameter
Changes pupil size
Contracts gland ducts
Moves hair
ETC.
37
Q

What are the components of nervous tissue?

A

Consists of neurons, which have:

Cell body
Dendrites - receive action potential
Axons - send action potential

38
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Multi-polar: several dendrites, one axon
Bipolar: single dendrite, single axon
Pseudo-unipolar: single, short process that extends from cell body

39
Q

What are the functions of the neuroglia?

A

Support cells of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves - “glue”

Nourish
Protect
Insulate

40
Q

What are the three major types of tissue membranes?

A

Mucous
Serous
Synovial

41
Q

What is the purpose of mucous membranes?

A

Line cavities and canals that open to outside of body. May contain smooth muscle.

42
Q

What is the purpose of serous membranes?

A

Line cavities that do NOT open to exterior. Lubricates membranes and makes surfaces slippery.

Pericardium, pleural and peritoneal membranes.

3 COMPONENTS: mesothelium, BM, loose connective tissue

43
Q

What is the purpose of synovial membranes?

A

Line freely moveable joints. Produce synovial fluid - makes joint fluid slippery and facilitates smooth joint movement.

Anatomy & Physiology: Exam 1 (4 decks)

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