Chapter 4

Question 0

Linnaean taxonomy and the resulting system of scientific nomenclature

Answer 0

was derived from evolutionary thinking*; has been used by biologists for nearly 3 centuries

*double check the first part on ppt

Question 1

Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Inferred the patterns of common ancestry with out a mechanistic understanding of genes and hereditary; developed a hypothesis about past events that later became testable; argued that humans descended from another primate species

Question 2

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Answer 2

Was a Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician; wrote Systema Naturae; had the insight that organisms can be organized into a system hierarchical classification without having a theoretical explanation for why these patterns should exist

Question 3

German biologist Willi Hennig (1913-1976)

Answer 3

Established the modern approach to classification; documented evolutionary history in his book Phylogenetic Sytematics; notes that phylogenetic trees can help us to classify organisms according to their evolutionary history

Question 4

The study of phylogeny predominantly aims to

Answer 4

understand the branching relationships of populations as they give rise to descendant populations over time

Question 5

The study of phylogeny allows us to understand the

Answer 5

major events in evolutionary history; history of descent; relationships among taxa of organisms

Question 6

The study of phylogeny rests on our observation of traits, which may include

Answer 6

anatomical features; embryological processes; genetics sequences

Question 7

Which of the following statements about pedigrees and phylogenies is true?

Answer 7

A pedigree tells us about the ancestry of individuals, whereas most phylogenies tell us about the ancestry of populations

Question 8

Traits are critical in the study of phylogeny because

Answer 8

We use observations of traits to infer patterns of ancestry and descent among populations;
By mapping individual traits onto a phylogeny we have already created, we can study the sequence and timing of evolutionary events

Question 9

A trait that is similar in one or more species even though it was not present in their common ancestor is called a

Answer 9

homoplasy

Question 10

Although they serve no current functions, vestigial traits persists in some organisms because

Answer 10

the trait is not costly to the organism; natural selection does not act against the trait; there is some NS against the trait, and it is on its way out- eventually will be lost

Question 11

Which of the following terms is used for a situation in which the derived trait has arisen recently and appears in only one of the two most related species or populations, while the two most distantly related groups share the same trait?

Answer 11

SYMPLESIOMORPHY

Question 12

Suppose a population of traits splits into two descendant populations prior to the evolution of dark coloration, then splits again after the evolution of dark coloration. Which of the following terms best describes the dark coloration trait in this situation?

Answer 12

Synapomorphy

Question 13

Convergent evolution occurs when

Answer 13

Two or more populations or species become more similar to each other because they are exposed to similar selective conditions

Question 14

Divergent evolutions occurs when

Answer 14

Closely related populations or species diverge from one another because natural selection operates differently on each of them

Question 15

Analogous traits are found in two or more species because

Answer 15

some evolutionary process (usually NS) has independently fashioned similar traits in each species

Question 16

Homologous traits are found in two or more species because

Answer 16

those traits are from a common ancestor

Question 17

By placing a given trait on a phylogenetic tree that we have already constructed using other data, we can

Answer 17

generate a hypothesis about when and how this trait evolved

Question 18

cladogram

Answer 18

a tree with aligned branch tips that indicated only the evolutionary relationships among the taxa shown

Question 19

Phylograms

Answer 19

A tree in which branch lengths represent the relative AMOUNT of evolutionary change

Question 20

Chronograms

Answer 20

A tree in which branch lengths represent actual TIME rather than the amount of evolutionary change

Question 21

Based on the figure of flower color and morphology (shape), which of the following statements are true?

Answer 21

NONE:

• flower shape was used to infer this phylogenetic tree
• the origin of a new flower shape evolved after the origin of dark color
• the origin of a new flower shape evolved before the origin of dark color

Question 22

Based on the phylogenetic tree above, which of the following groups is most closely related to mammals?

Answer 22

All reptiles and birds

Question 23

Based on the figure above on genetic sequence data, which of the following statements is true?

Answer 23

There is a one base change between the analyzed sequences of lineages 1 and 2

Question 24

Based on the two phylogenetic trees (with time) figure, which statement is true?

Answer 24

The two phylogenies of the vertebrae shown illustrate exactly the same information

Question 25

Based on the two phylogenetic trees (with time) figure, which of the following two groups are most closely related?

Answer 25

Birds and crocodilians

Question 26

Based on the two phylogenetic trees (with time) figure, the two roots (labeled) represent which of the following?

Answer 26

1. Ancestral populations
2. A common ancestor of birds and crocodilians
3. A common ancestor to all tetrapods
4. The ancestral lineage from which all other lineages on the tree are derived

Question 27

Based on the two phylogenetic trees (with time) figure, what does the upper dot in each figure represent?

Answer 27

An ancestral population; the most recent common ancestor to all tetrapods

Question 28

Based on the two phylogenetic trees (with time) figure, what does the INTERIOR dot in each figure represent?

Answer 28

An ancestral population; common ancestor of birds and crocs

Question 29

Based on the two phylogenetic trees (with time) figure, which is true?

Answer 29

Fish is not a monophyletic group; Tetrapod vertebrates is a monophyletic group

Question 30

Vestigial traits serve as a strong test of Darwin’s theory of evolution by common ancestry. Based on the figure, which limbless organisms would you expect to find vestigial limbs?

Answer 30

Snakes

Question 31

Based on the figure (shrublike or treelike species circled in black), which of the following is true?

Answer 31

For the herbaceous species, the branch lengths tend to be longer, and the rates of sequence change faster