Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the three corners of the slave trade as described by Webster?
- European merchants exchanging goods for African slaves
- Transporting slaves across the Atlantic to be sold on plantations
- Merchants taking produce from plantations to sell in Europe
Webster (1990) discusses the economic exchanges involved in the slave trade.
How did Dutch colonists in South Africa exploit the Khoikhoi people?
Through alcohol dependency, debt bondage, and violence
The Khoikhoi were employed as low-status servants due to their pastoral farming lifestyle.
What was the role of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the slave trade?
Traded slaves with Mozambique and Madagascar
This was part of their control over the Cape.
What was the impact of the slave trade on local African institutions?
It resulted in the destruction of local institutions
The slave trade undermined existing political balances in traditional African societies.
How many people were estimated to be taken out of Africa by European slave traders?
Between nine and eleven million
This number highlights the scale of the slave trade’s impact.
What cultural changes occurred among African slaves in new settlements?
Ethnic identities changed due to inter-ethnic marriages and the development of a new culture
Slaves adapted and invented new cultural practices due to the denial of their previous heritage.
What did the ‘Scramble’ for Africa refer to?
The competition among European nations for control over African territories
This occurred after the end of the slave trade.
What was the outcome of the Berlin Conference in 1884 regarding Africa?
European countries divided Africa into protectorates, colonies, and free-trade areas
This conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck.
What did colonisation imply for European powers in Africa?
Establishing, maintaining, and expanding control over colonised areas
Colonisation involved creating institutions to secure rights over resources.
How did colonialism view the colonised people according to Homi Bhabha?
As ‘the other’ characterized by stereotypical inferior traits
This view shaped both the exploitation of colonised peoples and the consciousness of Westerners.
What does post-colonialism refer to?
The era after colonial rule ended and critiques of hegemonic domination by the West
It also involves cultural displacement and diaspora.
What is meant by ‘doubleness of being’ in post-colonialism according to Spivak?
The existence of previously colonised people who are critical of colonial discourse yet influenced by it
This reflects the complexity of identity in post-colonial contexts.
What did colonial discourse do to African identities?
Invented identities that differed from original tribal identities
This was part of the colonial strategy to control and define the colonised.
What was the effect of colonialism on pre-colonial African cultures?
Damaged the socio-economic resilience of societies
Pre-colonial Africa had rich cultures with sound governance structures.
What is globalisation in the context of cultural change?
Worldwide interconnections that widen and deepen cultural influences
Examples include social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter.
What ideology did the United Nations promote regarding racial and human equality?
An ideology that inspired civil rights and human rights movements
This was particularly significant in the 1960s.
What do multicultural citizenship models aim to recognize?
Historical land rights, customary law, treaties, cultural rights, and affirmative action
These models are part of efforts to create inclusive democracies.
