Chapter 4 Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience
Behaviourist Approach
learning occurs through interacting with the external environment. Involves a stimulus and a response
Classical Conditioning
simple form of learning that occurs through the repeated stimulation between a neural stimulus (NS) and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce a conditioned response (CR). Response is involuntary, learning is passive, and stimulus is presented before the response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
any stimulus which consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic (reflex) response
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that does not naturally cause a reflex response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the UCR, but through repeated association with the UCS , it triggers the CR
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
a reflexive response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned reflex response that is produced by the CS alone. Occurs after the CS/NS has been associated with the UCS
Operant Conditioning
a learning process where he likelihood or a particular behaviour occurring is determined by its consequences. Response is voluntary, learner is active, stimulus is presented after the response
Antecedent
the stimulus that triggers the voluntary response e.g. rat being hungry, motivated to find food
Behaviour
the voluntary response e.g rat pushing the lever
Consequence
the environmental even that follows the voluntary response (impacts likelihood of behaviour occurring again, when antecedent is present)
Reinforcement
any stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
Positive reinforcement
adding a pleasant stimulus, which increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. ADDING GOOD
Negative reinforcement
removing an unpleasant stimulus, which increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. REMOVING BAD
Punishment
any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
Positive Punishment
the addition of an undesirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. ADDING BAD
Negative punishment
the removal of a desirable consequence which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. REMOVING GOOD
