Chapter 4 Flashcards
(54 cards)
novelty
familiarity alters conditioning
CS pre-exposure effect and example
familiarity with a CS slows later conditioning (experience with CS)
ex. prior burrito experience slows possible taste aversion / one bad burrito after eating several in past will not likely cause a taste aversion
US pre-exposure effect and example
familiarity with a US alone slows CS development to that US
ex. If you are prone to GI issues, bad burritos will less likely cause taste aversion
associative interference
stimuli are less able to make new associations due to the subconscious associations present in mind
know you don’t like a food but don’t have an explicit reason why
memory interference
conditioning is disrupted by a conscious memory of the CS or US
2 stimulus properties that also affect conditioning
intensity
- perceptible?, a quiet tone will not elicit a strong response
salience
- naturalistic?, the attractiveness of a female quail
- significance?, a gatorade after a workout
What is being addressed when asking “is the CS relevant to the US?”
belongingness
Garcia and Koelling (1966) study
deprived rats of water
during drinking water, all rats were exposed to:
- CS1: novel taste
- CS2: audiovisual cue
rats divided into 2 groups:
- group 1: shock
- group 2: sickness
did testing trials 1 CS at a time
results:
- taste-sickness and AV-shock pairings suppressed drinking
- little effect with AV-sickness and taste-shock (association was never built!)
- relevant CS-US pairings are better associated
4A Spot Check:
You remember very clearly few bad experiences flying. Although try to fight it, you can’t help getting anxious now every time you fly. This is an example of Associative interference.
True or false?
false, this is an example of memory interference as you “very clearly” remember a few bad flying experiences
rapid smoking
effective strategy in quitting smoking, subject inhales every 6 seconds until they become nauseous
why is pairing smoking with an electric shock ineffective in trying to reduce smoking?
because smoking is interoceptive and electric shock is exteroceptive, don’t go together!
for a stimulus to become a CS, it must be of weaker ________ _________ than its US
biological strength
higher-order conditioning
A strong CS can act as a US, increasing situations when conditioning can occur
why must the CS1 in higher-order conditioning occur occasionally?
inhibitory conditioning may occur
ex. if auntie (CS2) becomes associated with money (CS1), that was previously associated with stuff (US), the CR will produce happiness. If auntie doesn’t send money for a while, she will fail to produce a happy CR and in turn will produce a negative CR
counterconditioning and example
response to a conditioned CS can be countered by pairing it with an opposing US
2 US’s / opposing relationship
ex. doctor (CS)
Shot (US1)
lollipop (US2)
doctor is now less fearful to children
sensory preconditioning
stimuli become associated even if both initially elicit weak responses
2 CS’s / CS relationship
ex. pina colada (rum flavor = CS1, pineapple = CS2)
rum shots = sick which leads to nausea when eating pineapple
homeostasis
mechanisms/reflections of bodily and psychological processes that maintain bodily function within acceptable limits
homeostasis reflects on what process?
opponent process
homeostasis is better met if cued by __
CS; shivering occurs after one is cold so if cold is anticipated, drops in temperature may prevented or prepared for
drug tolerance - repeated drug-taking can have less effect because of a …
familiar environment; produces homeostatic compensation
why do more people overdose in a novel environment?
because the homeostatic compensation doesn’t occur
stimulus substitution model
the CS-US association turns the CS into a “surrogate” US/substitutes
example of the stimulus substitution model
Jenkins and moore study with the pigeon in the box that has the key light go on signaling food or water at the other side
if it indicated food, the pigeon would peck at the light like it was eating food
if it indicated water, the pigeon would peck at the light like it was drinking water!
CS-Dependent responding study
does the CS really become the US?
Timberlake and Grant had food restricted rats and presented the CS as a stimulus rat and the US as food
predicted CR for stimulus substitution model would be biting the stim rat
the actual CR based on the experiment would be orientation/sniffing and social contact
