Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is locomotion?
Movement is the change of positon of the body or the motion of some of its parts. Movement of the whole organism under the influence of a stimulus is called locomotion.
What is the skeletal system?
A dynmic support system made up of bone and tissue that gives us shape, allow locomotion, help in respiration, protect vital organs, produce blood, growth, and reshape or repair injury.
Describe skeletons
Made of bone and cartillage. Bone is a hard connective tissue with an outer shell of compact bone and an inner spongy bone section.
Compact bones are composed of closely packed tubular units called osteons. The osteon consists of a central canal which is surrounded by a concentric ring matrix. The central canal also has blood vessels and nerves. Bone matrix consists of collagen proteins and calcium salts.
Mature bone cells called osteocynes are present in the lacunae of the matrix. Osteocytes secrete matrix and deposit minerals.
Describe spongy bones
Soft and porous with the cavities filled with bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow can be found in the hollow regions of the compact bones of the axial region.
Define cartillage
Not as strong as bones, more flexible because of gel-like matrix containing elastic fibres. Cells of cartillage are called chondrocytes, which secrete matrix. No blood vessels so slow to heal.
Three types: Hyaline cartillage, felxible, found at the ends of bones in the nose, at larynx and trachea.
Fibrocartillage has thick collage fibre, found in the intervertebral disc.
Elastic cartillage is more flexible than hyaline cartillage, mostly elastin fibre. Ear flaps and epiglottis.
What is the axial skeleton?
One of the two divded components of 206 bones.
Forms the central axis of the body, consists of 80 bones. Skull is formed by 8 cranial and 14 facial bones. Six middle year ossicles, three in each ear.
A hyoid bone is present in the neck region, it’s the only bone of the bodt not articulated wih any other.
Vertebral column consists of 26 bones, the ribcage has 12 pairs of ribs and a sternum.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
One of the two divded components of 206 bones.
Consists of bones in the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs. Composed of total 126 bones.
Pectoral girdle consists of four bones, arms have six, both hands have 54.
Pelvic girdle has two bones. Legs have six, both feet have 54.
List all types of joints
A point whwre bones connect andwhat holds the skeleton together.
On the basis of movement, there are three types of joints:
Immovable joints that never move (skull sutures)
Slightmovable joints (between the vertebrae)
Freely moveable joints. There are two types of these, hinge and socket joints.
Differentiate hinge and socket joints
Hinge joint allow movement in one plane similar to hoe a door opens and closes by means of its hinge. (Elbow and knee)
Ball socket joints allow movement in all directions at all planes in a full circle. (Hip and shoulder joints)
Movenent of biceps or illustrate joints in action
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Causes of skeletal deformation
Age, hormonal, genetic, nutrient deficiency etc.
What is osteoporosis
Degenerative disease causing the bones to become porous and break easily. More common in women.
Causes incmude aging, sedimentary lifestyle, smoking, lack of calcium in diet.
Treatment, adequate calcium. About 1000mg per day is needed.
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joints. There are more than 100 dif types of arthritis.
Symptoms: weight bearing knees like the joints become swollen or painful. They generally do even with age.
What is osteo arthritis
Occur to weight bearing joints and is more common in overweight individuals. Can result in the fusion of the bone at the joints, rendering it unusable.
Causes include tough cartillage breakdown due to age.
Treatment includes moderate exercise, pain relieving medicines, and rest.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Joints become highly inflammed and their tissues may become destroyed by the body’s immune system.
Treatment, anti inflammatory drug provide relief but there is no cure. Patients can be fitted with artificial joints.
