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Biology 11 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • all living things are made of one or more cells
  • cells are the smallest unit of living organisms
  • new cells come from old cells by cell division
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2
Q

Somatic Cells

A

-body cells of plants and animals
- forms body of organism (not reproductive cells)

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3
Q

PHASES OF CELL DIVSION

A

G1: rapid growth and cell activity
S : DNA synthesis and replication
G2: cell prepares for division

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4
Q

Cancer is the result of

A

uncontrolled rapid division

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5
Q

Tumours form from

A

cancerous cells progressing from one cell division to the other resulting in a mass of cells

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

structure in the nucleus containing DNA

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7
Q

SISTER CHROMATID

A

One of 2 chromosomes (identical) held together at the centromere

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8
Q

Spindle fibers

A

made of hollow tube like structures called microtubules. regulates movement of chromosomes in a cell.

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9
Q

Centrosome

A

Structure that helps to form spindle fibre

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10
Q

genome

A

The complete DNA sequence of an organism

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11
Q

shape of a DNA strand

A

Spiral shape called a double helix

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12
Q

The individual units of each strand of DNA are called

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Nucleotides are composed of

A

A phosphate group, a sugar group and a base

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14
Q

The four bases in DNA are

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
A-T G-C

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15
Q

A DNA mutation or a genetic mutation is

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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16
Q

When DNA is replicated during an interphase of double helix

A

unwind and each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand

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17
Q

The method of DNA replication is called

A

semiconservative
because new DNA molecule conserves half of the original DNA

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18
Q

human somatic cells have ______ chromosomes. These can be organized into ______ pairs of chromosomes.

A

46, 23

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19
Q

Sex chromosome

A

An X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex

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20
Q

Female chromosome

A

XX

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21
Q

Male chromosome

A

XY

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22
Q

Sex chromosomes are a pair the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes, which is a chromosome not determining the sex

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23
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome

24
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene these different forms account for the differences and specific traits such as brown hair versus blonde hair

25
Q

Karyotype

A

A photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

26
Q

Gamete

A

Male or female reproductive cell

27
Q

Cell formed by the fusion of two gametes

28
Q

in humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes

A

Fertilization

29
Q

A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

30
Q

so that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes

31
Q

Meiosis

A

Cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent cell

32
Q

Synapsis

A

The lining of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I and Meiosis I

33
Q

Difference between Meiosis I and Meioisis II

A

MEIOSIS II IS HAPLOID MEIOSIS I IS DIPLOID

34
Q

Spermatogenisis

A

process of producing male gametes in mammals

35
Q

oogenesis

A

process of producing female gametes in mammals

36
Q

In spermatogenesis four haploid sperm cells form ____ diploid cell

37
Q

In oogenesis one haploid mature cell forms from a _______ celll

38
Q

Two eggs are released and both are fertilized. What is born?

A

fraternal twins

39
Q

single zygote divides into 2 separate bodies in the first few days. What’s born?

A

Identical twins

40
Q

deletion

A

piece of chromosome is lost

41
Q

duplication

A

identical piece of chromosmes occurs twice or more in a row on same chromosome

42
Q

inversion

A

segment of chromosmes is flipped
dna out of sequence

43
Q

translocation

A

portion of one chromosome inappropriately attachtches to another chromosmes

44
Q

Somatic cells are similar size, contain the same genes
What do they not share

A

SAME ALLELES

45
Q

at the end of meiosis II how many haploid cells have been formed from original parents cell?

46
Q

Plasmid gene cloning role

A

It’s a vector which acts as a carrier of the gene to be cloned

47
Q

Dna is similar to a ladder how

A

DNA is like a ladder with the sugar-phosphate backbone forming the sides and the paired nitrogenous bases (A-T and C-G) as the rungs. However, this comparison is limited because DNA is twisted into a double helix, not a straight ladder.

48
Q

2 key outcome of meiosis

A

genetic reduction and genetic recombination

49
Q

NON disjunction is

A

down syndrome

50
Q

significance of the discovery that somatic cells can be induced

A

opens new possibilities for regenerative medicine

51
Q

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY IS USED TO CREATE

A

transgenic organisms

52
Q

3 applications of transgenic organisms

A

agriculture medicine research

53
Q

chromosomes appear, unwounded chromatin during interphase, but coil during mitosis explain the advantage

A

allows for gene activity while coiling during mitosis to protect and organize with the chromosomes for accurate cell division

54
Q

what plant or animal tissue would be best to use for studying each of the following processes mitosis

A

Skin bc it’s identical

55
Q

agree or disagree the sex chromosomes in a human are a homologous pair

A

disagree if it’s male it’s xy and if it’s female it’s homologus bc xx

56
Q

what would happen if a chromosome synapsed with a non-homologous chromosome during meiosis rather than its homologue

A

cause transallocation which would cause a dna structure problem

Biology 11 (1 decks)

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