Chapter 4 Flashcards
Energy
the ability to do work on matter
Example sentence: The car has kinetic energy as it moves down the road.
Potential Energy
the energy of position
Additional information: Potential energy is stored energy.
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion
Additional information: Kinetic energy increases as an object moves faster.
Heat
aka thermal energy; the total energy associated with random atomic and molecular motions of a substance
Example sentence: The heat from the fire warmed the room.
Calorie
a unit of measurement for heat. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water through 1 C.
Additional information: The calorie is commonly used in nutrition to measure food energy.
Specific Heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of one unit substance (e.g., gram) through a particular temperature interval.
Additional information: Different substances have different specific heat capacities.
Joule
unit of measurement for energy. One joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second.
Conduction
the transfer of heat from warmer to colder portions of the mass in a solid
Convection
heat is transferred by the circulation of molecules in fluids
Radiation
the transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves.
Advection
a term that is applied to the horizontal transfer of heat by the wind
Temperature
a measure of the average kinetic energy level of a substance, the degree of hotness or coldness
Amplitude
the height of the wave
Wavelength
the distance between successive crests
Photon
a bundle of energy
Selective absorber
absorbs only particular wavelengths of light
Shortwave radiation
ultraviolet, visible, and a portion of infrared energy
Longwave radiation
infrared, (like microwave, TV, radio waves)
Direct shortwave radiation
shortwave radiation able to penetrate through the atmosphere without having been affected by constituents of the atmosphere in any way.
Diffuse Shortwave radiation
shortwave radiation that has been scattered by gases in the atmosphere
Insolation
the total incoming solar radiation
Albedo
The proportion of light reflected from a surface
Net shortwave radiation
the difference between incoming and outgoing shortwave radiation. K= (S+D) - (S+D)a
Terrestrial longwave radiation
The energy absorbed by the surface is radiated from the Earth
Atmospheric counter-radiation
long-wave radiation emitted from the earth to the atmosphere after it has absorbed the shorter-wave radiation of the sun.
Net radiation
the difference between incoming (i.e., S and L↓) and outgoing components of radiation (S+D)a and L↑: Q*= [(S+D) - (S+D)a] + L↓ - L↑
Sensible heat transfer
heat energy transferred between the surface and air when there is a difference in temperature between them
Latent heat transfer
transfer of energy where temperature does not change/cannot be sensed
Ground heat transfer
The transfer of energy to and from the surface
